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CIVIL CODE 2002

LAW OF MONGOLIA

CIVIL CODE

SUBPART I.

GENERAL BASIS

CHAPTER ONE

Article 1. Purpose of the Law

1.1. The purpose of the Law shall be to regulate relationship with respect to material and non-material wealth arising between legal persons.

1.2. Civil legislation shall be based on the principle of ensuring equality and autonomy of participants to the civil legal relations, sanctity of their property, contract freedom, non- interference into personal affairs, unlimited exercising of civil rights and fulfillment of obligations, having violated rights restored and court protection.

1.3. Unless stipulated otherwise by law, this Law shall not be applied for regulating relationship with respect to material and non-material wealth, subject to regulation by Administrative Laws including Tax, Budget and Finance or based on administrative subordination.

Article 2. Civil Legislation

2.1. Civil Legislation shall consist of the Constitution of Mongolia, this Law and other legislative acts adopted in compliance with them.

2.2. If the International Treaty of Mongolia stipulates otherwise, the International Treaty shall be observed.

Article 3. Application of Civil Legislation

3.1. Courts shall not apply any law contradicting the Constitution of Mongolia.

3.2. In cases other than the International Treaty stipulating that national legislation should be adopted, civil legal relations shall be regulated by the International Treaty of Mongolia.

3.3. In case laws other than the Constitution and this Law contradict each other, the provisions of the Law, which regulates this matter in more details, or in case of absence of such, provisions of the lately adopted Law shall apply.

3.4. Validity of an invalidated law shall not be restored if the law annulling this law is invalidated.

3.5. If the Law envisages, the legal acts adopted in compliance with this Law by Government, other competent government agencies or officials and containing civil legal norms and enforced publicly, shall be applied.

3.6. Legal acts defining norms shall be applied only in case they replace the legal norms.

3.7. Ignorance about the Law or its misinterpretation shall not serve as a ground for its non-appliance or exempt from responsibilities stipulated by the Law.

Article 4. Similar application of Civil Law

4.1. Norms of other laws regulating similar relations shall be applied, if the Civil Law lacks norms regulating a particular relationship.

4.2. In the absence of norms regulating similar relations, the particular relations shall be regulated in compliance with the civil legal content, principles and commonly accepted norms.

4.3. Norms regulating particular relationship shall not similarly regulate other relations.

Article 5. Retrospective application (ex post facto) of civil legislation

5.1. Unless stated otherwise in the Law, retrospective application of civil legislation shall be excluded.

5.2. In case the newly approved legislation damages the rights and legitimate interests of the parties to the contract, contract terms and conditions shall be valid.

5.3. If parties to the contract agree, the newly adopted legislation with better terms and conditions shall apply.

Article 6. Objects of civil legal relationship

6.1. In accordance with the grounds and procedure stated in the law, material and non- material wealth, which could be valued in terms of money in civil circulation, shall be objects of civil legal relationship.

6.2. Material or non-material rights, action or non-action and information may be objects of civil legal relations as well.

Article 7. Participants to civil legal relationship

7.1. Citizens, juridical/legal persons and organizations without legal status shall be participants to civil legal relationship.

7.2. Mongolian and foreign citizens, individuals without citizenship participating in the civil legal relationship shall be deemed as citizens.

7.3. Aimags, the capital city, soums, districts, as state, administrative and territorial units, may enter into civil legal relation like other legal entities.

CHAPTER TWO

Article 8. Grounds for arising civil legal relationship

8.1. Civil legal relationship shall arise on the following grounds:

8.1.1. transactions stated or not stated in the Law, which do not contradict content- wise the law;

8.1.2. court ruling causing civil legal relationship;

8.1.3. an administrative decision causing civil legal relationship if stated in the Law;

8.1.4. creation of an intellectual value;

8.1.5. causing harm;

8.1.6. acquisition or possession of goods without grounds;

8.1.7. legal cases creating civil legal relations;

8.1.9. other grounds stated in the Law creating civil legal relationship.

Article 9. Civil legal protection

9.1. Civil legal protection shall aim at restoration of violated rights.

9.2. A participant to the civil legal relationship shall be entitled to select the person whose rights to be protected as provided by law.

9.3. Civil legal protection shall be executed by court or arbitration body along with procedures and methods provided by Law.

9.4. Civil rights shall protected as follows:

9.4.1. admitting the rights;

9.4.2. halting acts violating the rights and restoring the pre-violation conditions;

9.4.3. enforcing to assume duties;

9.4.4. eliminating damages caused;

9.4.5. liquidating non-material harms;

9.4.6. enforcing to pay indemnities stipulated in the law or contract;

9.4.7. invalidating decisions violating rights of others;

9.4.8. altering or terminating civil legal relationship;

9.4.9. self-help;

9.4.10. other methods stipulated by law.

Article 10. Compelled defense

10.1. Compelled defense shall be an appropriate and required action undertaken to defend him/herself, or other persons or assets from illegal attacks.

10.2. Harms caused by compelled defense shall be born by the person took the respective act.

Article 11. Action taken in a desperate situation

11.1. Action taken in a desperate situation shall an action/ or non-action/ taken to halt or prevent the danger of that particular situation, if other liquidation methods are impossible.

11.2. If the harm done in a desperate situation is less than the potential one, the person has taken such an action shall not be responsible for its liquidation.

11.3. If the harm done in a desperate situation is obviously more than the potential one, the person has taken such an action shall be responsible for its liquidation, commensurate to he/r excessive action.

11.4. Taking into consideration real circumstances of harm-doing, court may assign the third person, in whose interests the act was taken, to eliminate the harm, or the harm-doer or the third person may be partially or fully released from such an obligation.

11.5. If the person took action in a desperate situation, him/herself created such a situation, him/herself should eliminate the harm.

Article 12. Self-protection

12.1. In case it is impossible to get timely assistance from competent authorities, without which it is impossible to exercise civil rights or if serious impediment to such rights may occur, respective actions taken by a participant of a civil legal relationship in order to self- help and protect own legitimate interests, and targeted at detaining the performer who might seize, destroy or damage, escape or halt counter measures by the latter against legitimate actions taken by the competent person, shall not be deemed illegal.

12.2. Legal persons that took actions stated in Article 12.1 of this Law shall immediately notify the competent authority in order to seal the assets or detain the obligated person.

12.3. Self-help action shall not exceed the norms appropriate for the particular situation.

12.4. Person which took the action stated in Article 12.1 of this Law by mistake or by exceeding norms shall be obligated to eliminate the harm.

Article 13. Exercising rights and fulfilling obligations in civil legal relationship

13.1. Participants of civil legal relationship shall fairly exercise and fulfill their rights and obligations stipulated by law.

13.2. Participants of civil legal relationship may at own will exercise rights and fulfill obligations not prohibited or not directly stated in the law.

13.3. Participants of civil legal relationship are prohibited to undertake activities harmful to others, limiting freedom of market relations, illegally taking advantage of legitimate advantages while enjoying own rights or fulfilling obligations. Otherwise, they shall bear responsibilities stipulated by law. Sub-part 2.

PARTICIPANTS TO CIVIL LEGAL RELATIONSHIP

CHAPTER THREE

Article 14. Citizens' legal capacity

14.1. Civil legal capacity shall commence with the birth and terminates with the death.

14.2. It is prohibited to limit civil legal capacity

Article 15. Full civil legal capability

15.1. Civil legal capability to acquire rights and obligations by own conduct or full legal capacity emerges with reaching 18 or adolescence.

15.2. Court may consider citizens reached the age of 16-18 with full civil legal capability at own request with the consent of parents, or guardians, or trustees based on grounds and procedures stipulated by Law.

15.3. If sound grounds exist, the court rule considering the citizen with civil full capability could be invalidated at the request of an interested person.

Article 16. Partial civil legal capability

16.1. Minors under age of 14-18 shall have partial civil legal capability.

16.2. Minors may conclude transactions other than the ones permitted by Law, based on written consent of the legal proxy (parents, guardians, trustees).

16.3. Minors may exercise the following rights without their legal proxy consent:

16.3.1. administering own salary, student stipend, other similar incomes, or any asset transferred to them for administering at own discretion;

16.3.2. concluding transactions harmless or of utility nature with immediate execution;

16.3.3. depositing in banks or credit institutions incomes stated in Article 16.3.1. of this Law.

16.4. Citizens of age 16-18 may be cooperative members.

Article 17. Some civil legal capability

17.1. Persons of 7 to 14 age shall possess some civil legal capability.

17.2. Legal proxies (parents, guardians, trustees) of persons of 7 to 14 age shall on their behalf conclude transactions other than petty and harmless ones of utility nature with immediate execution.

Article 18. Citizens without civil legal capability

18.1. Persons under age of seven shall lack civil legal capability.

18.2. Court shall deem deprived of civil legal capability the persons, unaware of own conduct and lacking self-control due to mental diseases, and shall establish for them custody.

18.3. Legal proxies shall conclude any transactions on behalf of persons with deprived civil legal capability.

18.4. In case of elapsing the conditions or grounds for considering the person deprived of civil legal capability, court may revoke its decision on considering her/him deprived of civil legal capability.

Article 19. Limited civil legal capability

19. 1. Civil legal capability of drug addicted citizens, or the ones regularly using addictive drug substances or alcohol and causing substantial economic damages, may be limited and custody may be established at the request of interested person according to procedure defined by law.

19.2. It shall be prohibited to limit civil legal capability by concluding transactions.

19.3. Person with limited civil legal capability may conclude transactions with custodian consent within the unlimited part of the limited capability.

19.4. With elapse of circumstances served as grounds for limiting civil legal capability, court shall rule invalid the imposed limitation and shall release the custodian from obligations.

Article 20. Name of citizen

20.1 Citizens shall have own names.

20.2. Procedure to register and change citizens' names shall be determined by law.

20.3. Citizen name shall be registered with the competent authority. Civil rights and obligations shall be acquired and exercised at own name. Pseudonyms could be used only according to the procedure and conditions stipulated by law.

20.4. Name changing shall not serve as grounds for changing or terminating the rights and obligations acquired under the previous name.

20.5. Person with changed name shall inform the obligation performer or the person whose obligations performed about the name change, in case of failure to do so s/he personally shall bear the responsibility for the consequences.

Article 21. Protection of name, honor, dignity and business reputation

21.1. It is prohibited to use illegally the name of citizens.

21.2. If the person, who defamed citizen's name, honor, dignity and business reputation, fails to prove the defamation accuracy, s/he shall be liable to refute the defamation via media and in the form, it was originally disseminated, or in other forms.

21.3. If the defamation of others' name, honor, dignity and business reputation is due to incomplete information about the documents, the guilty person shall be liable to refute, as stipulated in Article 21.2 of this Law.

21.4. Citizen, considering harmful the dissemination without his/her consent of any personal information, defined by law as confidential, shall be entitled to demand the harm elimination.

21.5. Person, considering harmful any publication or public demonstration without its consent of an individual image in a form of photo, movie, video recording, portrait or any other form, shall be entitled to demand the harm elimination. . In case a person receives any fee or payment for using his/her image or for granting rights to use his/her image in connection with his/ her social status for promotion during public activities as a part of training, scientific research, business activities, no special permit shall be required from the person.

21.7. If any information, defaming the name, honor, dignity and business reputation, or confidential personal news is publicized without the heir's consent as provided in Article 520 of this Law, its provision shall be equally applied.

21.8. Harm done in the case stipulated in Article 21.7, shall not be demanded to be compensated in material form.

21.9. Person violated rights provided by this Article, shall eliminate the harm done to others, as envisaged in Articles 497 and 511 of this Law.

Article 22. Citizen's residence

22.1. Citizen's residence shall be determined by the administrative and territorial unit, where the individual is registered according to law.

22.2. If the citizen does not reside in the registered location, the place s/he basically live or the most of her/his personal assets is located may be deemed as her/his residence.

22.3. Residency of a person under others' custody shall be determined by the residency of her/his parents or custodians.

Article 23. Citizen declared missing

23.1. Upon request of an interested person, Court may declare a citizen missing, if his/her whereabouts is unknown or not heard for a period of two years since the date of her/his issing from the place of residence.

23.2. Court shall rule the protection over the property of a missing citizen, and the citizen's statutory obligations such as raising and assisting her/his dependants, paying fees and taxes according to law, paying debts according to liabilities, shall be charged from the property.

23.3. If the location of the missing person is identified, or the person is back, the Court shall revoke its ruling and terminate the property protection.

23.4. Upon return, the missing citizen shall be entitled to reclaim his/her property available or transferred free to others on grounds other than stipulated by Article 23.3 of this Law. However, any profit gained in the result of using the assets for economic purposes, shall not be claimed.

23.5. The administrator shall pay the price of assets of the missing person if its sold, or pay their full or partial value if they are lost, or short of, or damaged, in the amount ruled by Court, depending on the degree of guilt.

23.6. If the missing person is back, the administrator of the assets, shall be entitled to demand the reimbursement of costs related to their protection, storage and use.

Article 24. Citizen declared deceased

24.1. Upon request of an interested person, Court may declare a citizen deceased if his/ her whereabouts remains unknown for over five years since the date of her/his missing from the residency, or if her/his existence remains unknown for a year since the date of missing in life-threatening circumstances.

24.2. Person missing while participating in military operations could be deemed deceased after the expiration of two years since the termination of such operations.

24.3. The date of death of the citizen declared deceased shall be the date, when the Court decision on considering him/her deceased enters into force.

24.4. If the citizen declared deceased due to missing under life-threatening circumstances, Court may consider the date of possible death as the date of the death of that citizen.

24.5. The property of a citizen declared deceased shall be transferred to others according to the succession rule.

24.6. If the person declared deceased is back or her/his location is identified, Court shall revoke its previous decision.

24.7. If the person declared deceased is back, s/he shall enjoy the right to reclaim the available property transferred free to others in inheriting or other forms. If thus transferred to the state property cannot be returned to the owner, its price shall be reimbursed.

24.8. Revocation of the Court rule declaring a person deceased shall not serve as grounds for invalidating the new marriage of her/his spouse.

CHAPTER FOUR

Article 25. Legal person

25.1. Legal person shall be an organised unity with concrete mission and engaged in regular activities, which is entitled to own, possess, use and dispose of its separate property, which can acquire rights and create liabilities in own name, which bears responsibility for consequences arising from own activities with its own assets, and which is capable to be defendant or plaintiff.

25.2 Legal person may be a for-profit or non-profit organisation with concrete goals specified by law or rules.

25.3. Legal person may have public or private, or mixed property.

25.4. If not otherwise provided in the Law, several legal persons may merge with the purpose to coordinate their activities, thus merging they will retain their legal person status.

25.5. Legal status of legal persons shall be defined by law.

Article 26. Civil legal capacity of legal persons

26.1. Legal person shall have the rights and liabilities, arising with registering with the State Register, and terminating upon its liquidation according to law or its deletion from the State Register.

26.2. Procedure to register legal persons with or to be deleted from the State Register shall be determined by law.

26.3. Civil legal capacity of public legal persons shall arise or terminate with its foundation or liquidation according to law provisions, and they shall be entitled to participate in civil legal relationships with equal to other participants' rights.

26.4. Legal persons shall participate in civil legal relationship via their governing bodies.

26.5. Legal status of governing bodies of legal persons shall be specified by law of their incorporation by-laws.

26.6. Non-profit legal persons shall undertake activities in compliance with the objectives specified by their by-laws or charters.

26.7. For-profit legal persons shall be entitled to undertake any activity not prohibited by law or not in conflict with common behavioural norms.

26.8. Legal persons shall carry out some activities provided by law with the consent of respective competent authorities. The entitlement to undertake the activities shall emerge from the day of getting the special authorisation.

26.9. Civil legal capacity of legal persons shall be limited solely based on grounds and procedure prescribed by law.

Article 27. Name of legal persons

27.1. Legal persons shall have own names. Legal person's name shall reflect its organisation and legal form.

27.2. If required by law, the legal person type should be indicated.

27.3. Legal person's name shall not duplicate or be misleadingly similar to the name of other legal persons.

27.4. Other persons shall be prohibited to use illegally other legal persons' names. The person violating this provision shall eliminate any damage done to others according to

Article 497 of this Law.

27.5. Legal persons shall register their names as it stipulated in the Law.

27.6. Article 21 of this Law shall be equally applied for protecting the business reputation of legal persons.

Article 28. Business place of legal persons

28.1. The place where the head office of the legal person is located shall be its business place.

28.2. Legal persons shall have own location or official address.

Article 29. Subsidiary and representative office of legal persons

29.1. If prescribed by law or by its founding documents, a legal person may set up subsidiary or representative offices.

29.2. Subsidiary shall be a special unit located in place other than the legal person's business place, which assumes fully or partially its major functions.

29.3. A representative office shall be a unit located in a place other than the legal person's business place, obligated to defend legitimate interests and conclude transactions, or take other actions on behalf of the legal person. The rights and liabilities of subsidiaries and representative offices shall be determined by the charter of the principal legal person.

29.5. Executives of subsidiaries and representative offices shall carry out their activities on the basis of authority delegated to them by the principal legal person. Subsidiaries and representative offices of the legal person shall not exercise legal person rights.

Article 30. Establishment of legal persons

30.1. Unless otherwise stipulated in the law, citizens and legal persons may establish legal persons as prescribed by law. To assume its functions or meet public needs, the state may establish legal persons, using own or joint property.

Article 31. Re-organization of legal persons

31.1. A legal person may be reorganised by merging, joining, dividing, separating or restructuring at the decision of the assets' owner, or a designated body or a body authorised by its founding documents, as prescribed by law. Merging shall take place when activities of two or more legal persons are halted, and their rights, obligations and responsibilities are transferred to a newly established legal person. Joining shall take place when rights, obligations and responsibilities are transferred to another legal person after halting its activities. Dividing shall take place when activities of legal persons are halted, and their rights, obligations and responsibilities are transferred to newly emerging two or more legal persons. Separating shall take place when some rights, obligations and responsibilities of a legal person are transferred to a newly established legal person, without halting the former activities. Legal person could be established by changing its organisation type, form and basic goals.

Article 32. Dissolution of legal persons

32.1. Legal persons shall be liquidated on the following grounds:

32.1.1. decision of the owner or the designated body, or a body authorised by the founding documents;

32.1.2. court ruling about liquidating on the grounds of considering the person bankrupted, or repeated or serious breaching of the law, or other grounds stipulated in the law;

32.1.3. own decision on discontinuing its activities due to its term expiration or accomplishing its goals;

32.1.4. decision of the competent founder of the legal person;

32.1.5. any other grounds provided by law;

32.2. Commission, appointed by the body, which made the decision on liquidation, shall be in charge of liquidation process.

32.3. Liquidation Commission shall publicly announce about the liquidation of a legal person.

32.4. The time limit for acceptance by the Liquidation Commission of claims from creditors shall not be less than two months and not more than six months from the date of public announcement about the liquidation of the legal person.

32.5. Claims against a legal person in liquidation shall be satisfied in the following order:

32.5.1. payments to eliminate harm done to the life and health of others and other payments ruled by Court;

32.5.2. payment of the cost of activities carried out, within the rights and obligations, by the executor or Liquidation Commission, and other persons designated similarly;

32.5.3. claims arising from contracts and transactions concluded in the process of re-capitalization of the plaintiff during its bankruptcy;

32.5.4. money assets of depositors;

32.5.5. wages of workers under labor contracts;

32.5.6. payments to other claimants in accordance with law.

32.6. Principle of satisfying the following claims after full payment of all first claims shall be observed in satisfying claims against the legal person in liquidation.

32.7. If the available cash of the legal person is insufficient to satisfy the amounts owing to claimants, then the Liquidation Commission may sell other assets and complete the payments as provided by law.

32.8. If the assets of the legal person in liquidation are insufficient to meet its debts, its available assets shall be distributed among the claimants in proportion to the amounts owed and with proper sequence.

32.9. After satisfying debts of claimants, any remaining property shall be transferred to the legitimate owners or to authorised persons, if provided by law.

32.10. If there is no person to accept the property of the legal person in liquidation, then it shall be transferred to state ownership. The registration body shall announce publicly the deletion of the legal person from the State register. Sub-chapter two Types of legal persons

Article 33. Types of legal persons

33.1. For-profit legal persons shall be established in the form of partnership or company.

33.2. Non-profit legal persons shall be established in the form of association, foundation or cooperative.

Article 34. Companies

34.1. Company shall be a legal person with shareholders' capital divided into certain number of shares, with separate own assets, and with basic for-profit goal.

34.2. Company legal status shall be determined by law.

Article 35. Partnerships

35.1. Partnership shall be a legal person with assets, consisting of its members contributions, and liable for its obligations with these assets and the personal property of its members, as provided by law.

35.2. Partnership legal status shall be determined by law.

Article 36. Associations, foundations, cooperatives

36.1. Association shall be a legal person established based on voluntary amalgamation of several persons with common specific goals and membership.

36.2. Foundation shall be a legal person without membership, established by one or more founders by raising funds to attain publicly beneficial common goals.

36.3. Legal status of associations and foundations shall be determined by law.

36.4. Cooperative shall be a legal person, established jointly on voluntary basis by several persons to carry out activities aimed at satisfying common economic and social needs of its members, based on assets with corporate governance and control over joint assets.

36.5. Cooperative foundation, registration, membership, termination of and control over its activities, and other relations relevant to cooperative shall be regulated by law.

36.6. Monasteries and churches, participating in the civil legal relations, shall observe provisions of the law pertaining to the legal status of foundations

Article 37. Special regulation for foundations.

37.1. The Governing body of a foundation or the governing board shall consist of donors, supporters and their designees.

37.2. Foundation Governing body shall nominate its executives and controlling body.

37.3. Foundation executives shall carry out activities consistent with the foundation statute, have the performance and financial reports considered by the governing body and published for public distribution.

Article 38. Foundation liquidation procedure

38.1. Liquidation Commission, nominated by the authority and made the liquidation decision, shall be in charge of liquidation. In special cases Court may nominate another liquidation body, which shall bear responsibilities of members of Liquidation Commission.

38.2. Day-to-day activities of liquidated foundation shall be halted, the available assets shall be evaluated and payments made to claimants.

38.3. After making payments as provided by Article 38.1. of this Law, the remaining assets shall be terminated to one or more persons with goals common or similar to the liquidated foundation. In case of absence of such a person, it may be decided to transfer to the state ownership.

SUBPART III

TRANSACTIONS

CHAPTER FIVE

Article 39. Transaction

39.1. Transaction shall mean an action or non-action intended by citizens or legal persons aimed at creating, changing, transferring or terminating civil rights and obligations.

39.2. A single person may conclude a transaction expressing its intention.

Article 40. Valid expression of will

40.1. Expression of will shall become effective with its acceptance by the party.

40.2. If the other party refuses in advance or straightforward to accept the expressed will, it shall be deemed ineffective.

40.3. Transactions or wills expressed by the person before its death or loosing its full civil legal capability shall remain valid.

Article 41. Interpretation of will

41.1. While interpreting the content of a will, direct meaning of its words shall be paid direct attention.

41.2. If the meaning of expressed will is ambiguous, it shall be interpreted by analysing the will expresser's needs, demands, words, actions and non-actions, as well as other conditions and circumstances.

Article 42. Forms of transaction

42.1. Transactions may be concluded as provided by law, or if not provided, the parties may agree on concluding either orally or in writing.

42.2. Written transaction with simple form shall enter into force upon signing it by the person expressing the will.

42.3. According to business traditions, the signature directly copied by technical means may be considered authentic to the original.

42.4. As to transactions requiring notary certification, it shall be certified by notary or other persons provided by law.

42.5. If a transaction requiring notary certification is not certified, and one of the parties accepts full or substantial performance of the obligations by the other party, but objects to notary certification of the transaction, then at the request of the party fulfilled its obligations, Court may consider that the transaction have been concluded.

42.6. If a person is unable to sign personally the document due to sickness or illiteracy, another authorised person may sign the transaction on her/his behalf.

42.7. If a written transaction was executed in several copies, it shall be considered concluded, if copies left with parties are mutually signed by both of them.

42.8. Both sides may conclude a transaction by expressing their will by taking practical actions as major condition.

42.9. If provided by law or contract, silence may be considered as acceptance of a proposal to conclude a transaction.

42.10. If the law provides that transaction not complying with the law mandatory writing requirements, is void, the parties shall mutually return all objects of transaction.

42.11. Unless otherwise provided by this law, if parties have a dispute over a transaction, breaching mandatory writing requirements, then they may prove the transaction by any other means of evidence, loosing the right to have it proven by witnesses.

Article 43. Evidence of transaction as concluded

43.1. Oral transaction shall be considered concluded in follow cases:

43.1.1. agreement by the parties on the essential terms and conditions of the transaction;

43.1.2. handing over customary things like receipts or documents certifying the conclusion of the transaction;

43.1.3. if provided by law or contract, in the absence of a reply to a proposal for concluding the transaction, on the expiry of a fixed time or of a reasonable time for reply.

43.2. A written transaction shall be considered concluded in the following cases:

43.2.1. executing and signing by parties of a document expressing their will;

43.2.2. receiving by a party of an official letter, telegram, fax or other similar documents expressing the will of the other party accepting the proposal to conclude a transaction;

43.2.3. registering and certifying by notary of transactions due to registration or certification by notary, as provided by law. If a party by its concrete conduct expressed its acceptance of the will expressed by the other party, then the transaction shall be considered concluded by conduct. If impossible to define the content, the transaction shall be deemed void.

Article 44. Conditional transaction

44.1. Conditional shall be the transaction, concluded agreeing that it would be executed in case a certain event takes place, or it would be terminated.

44.2. If a transaction provides for creation of rights and obligations depending on happening of an event with uncertain occurrence, or the parties are unaware about its existence, then it shall be considered to be a suspended conditional transaction.

44.3. If a transaction provides for termination of rights and obligations depending on happening of an event with uncertain occurrence, then it shall be considered to be a changeable conditional transaction. If the future occurrence of an event depends on parties to the transaction, then this Article provisions shall not regulate this case.

Article 45. Void conditional transaction

45.1. If conditions are not in compliance with law requirements or contradict admitted common behavioural norms, or obviously unrealistic, the transaction shall be void.

Article 46. Void conditions

46.1. In case of concluding a transaction with condition that an event occurs at certain time, but the event does not take place, the condition shall be deemed void.

46.2. Condition without concrete term may occur anytime.

46.3. In case it is obvious that the event indicated in the condition will never take place, then the condition shall become invalid.

Article 47. Condition deemed satisfied

47.1. If the transaction with a condition that an event shall not occur at certain time, and prior to the specified time it becomes clear that it will not occur, then the conditions shall be deemed satisfied.

Article 48. Obligations of the person concluded a conditional transaction

48.1. Person, concluded a conditional transaction, shall not be entitled to any conduct obstructing the other side to fulfil its obligations prior to the occurrence of the event, indicated in the transaction.

48.2. If unfavourable conditions, arising from creating the condition, unfairly obstruct the condition creation, the condition shall be deemed created.

48.3. If favourable conditions, arising from creating the condition, unfairly impact the condition creation, the condition shall not be deemed created.

48.4. If by the time the condition is created, a person has already took the act indicated

Article 48.1 of this Law, the harm done to the other side shall be eliminated by him/her.

Article 49. Stock exchange transactions

49.1. Transaction for investment into the stock exchange turnover or for the transfer of property rights (assets, securities etc) shall be subject to conclusion and registration with the Stock exchange, as provided by law.

49.2. Unless it does not conflict the law, or the nature of this particular type of transaction, Stock exchange transactions shall be regulated by the rules governing contracts (contracts for sale, contracts for commission etc) adjusting them to its content.

49.3. Requirements to the disclosure of commercial secrets of parties to transactions with their consent shall be determined by the Law on Stock Exchange.

49.4. Disputes over the conclusion of stock exchange transactions, and rights and obligations arising from them, shall be considered and settled by the competent body, and the parties may appeal to Court with respect to their decisions.

Article 50. Transactions requiring special authorization

Article 51. Invalidation of authorization

51.1. If parties have not yet created any consequences based on the received authorisation with the purpose to conclude a transaction, the body, issued such an authorisation prior to concluding the transaction, may invalidate the authorisation. Parties shall be notified about the invalidation of the authorisation.

Article 52. Condition for not retrospective use of authorisation

Article 53. Valid conduct of unauthorized person

53.1. If the conduct of unauthorized person is later supported and authorized by a full competent person, such conduct shall be deemed valid.

Article 54. Transaction concluded by unauthorized minors under age 14-18

54.1. If a person, concluded a transaction with a minor, requests the legitimate proxy to prove that the transaction was authorized, the latter shall notify the former in writing within 14 days. In this case, the authorization issued to the minor or refusal by the proxy shall be void.

54.2. If no reply received within the period stipulated in Article 54.1. of this Law, it shall be deemed that the authorization was renounced.

54.3. If the minor attains adolescence after concluding an unauthorized transaction without her/his legitimate proxy, her/himself shall decide whether the expressed will is still valid.

54.4. Person, concluded a transaction with minor, shall be entitled to renounce it prior to receiving an authorization supported by the legitimate proxy.

54.5. If the legitimate proxy authorized the minor to conclude the transaction, but the proof document is not presented to the other side, the latter shall be entitled to renounce the transaction.

Article 55. Transaction concluded by minors under age 14-18

55.1. Minors shall exercise the right to conclude independently a transaction with regard to assets transferred to them, with the right to administer at own discretion, by the legitimate proxy or by a third party with the latter consent.

55.2. Article 55.1 of this Law shall not be applicable to unilateral transactions other than ones allowed by law to be concluded by minors.

CHAPTER SIX

Article 56. Void transaction

56.1 A transaction shall be deemed void if:

56.1.1 breaches law or contradicts commonly accepted or behavioral norms;

56.1.2 made fictitiously;

56.1.3 made with the purpose of concealing another transaction;

56.1.4 made to represent a specific will, without genuine intention, with recklessness, and with foresight of its disclosure;

56.1.5 made by a person without legal capacity;

56.1.6 made by a citizen incapable to understand consequences of own conduct, nor able to manage self properly, due to mental illness, at the time s/he is officially not considered incapable legally;

56.1.7 expressed by a person with full legal capability at the time of incapacity to understand consequences of own conduct or in the state of temporary derangement

56.1.8 made with a breach of form defined by law or without consent of the respective person as stipulated by law

56.1.9 made by a legal person in breach of the main purpose of her/his own conduct;

56.1.10 other transactions concluded on the basis of void transactions mentioned above.

56.2. In case the parties learn about the conditions of considering void the transaction, specified in Article 56.1 of this law, after concluding it, but if it meets the requirements of another transaction, and if parties wish, the transaction that meets requirements shall be deemed valid.

56.3 In case a person concluded transaction specified in Articles 56.1.2-56.1.4 and 56.1.8 of this law, later acknowledges the validity of the will expressed in the contract and expresses it in a form stipulated by law, the transaction shall be considered newly made and valid.

56.4. An interested person may request to eliminate the consequences arising from the void transaction.

56.5. If for parties to the transaction, specified in Article 56.1 of this law, it is impossible to mutually return all objects transferred by the transaction, they shall be liable to pay the price.

56.6 The person guilty for concluding a void transaction shall reimburse losses caused to others.

Article 57. Transaction could be deemed void

57.1. Based on grounds and procedures specified by law, Court may consider void a transaction at the request of an interested party.

57.2. Transaction ruled by Court as void shall be invalid from the moment of its conclusion.

57.3. Transaction contradicting the form agreed by contract may be deemed by Court void at the request of an interested party.

57.4. Obvious mistake made by a party to the transaction while expressing its will in writing or making payments, shall not serves as grounds for considering the transaction void. The person made such a mistake shall be liable to correct it.

Article 58. Transactions concluded in the result of misleading

58.1. Court may rule invalid transactions concluded expressing will based on serious misleading.

58.2. Following shall be deemed as serious misleading:

58.2.1. concluding a transaction different from the one intended;

58.2.2. confusion about the intended transaction content.

58.3. Following cases shall be deemed seriously misleading:

58.3.1. misleading personality of the person ­ the other party to the transaction, served as major reason for concluding the transaction;

58.3.2. confusion about the nature of the asset important for determining the value of the transaction object;

58.3.3. confusion about the right ­ serving as the transaction major grounds;

58.3.4. confusion about intention- the transaction object.

58.4. Transaction concluded based on disinformation about the expressed will of the client or person represented by the intermediator or representing person, may be regulated by Item 58.2. of this Law.

58.5. If the other party to the transaction agrees to execute the transaction at the request of the disputing party, the transaction concluded due to confusion shall not be considered void.

58.6. Person, concluded the transaction due to confusion, upon learning about the confusion shall be liable to inform about the other party.

58.7. If a party to the transaction is confused due to negligence or the transaction deemed void on grounds stipulated in Article 58.4 of this law, the guilty person shall be liable to eliminate the harm done to the other party to the transaction or to the third person. If the other party who knew, or had to know though being unaware, or potentially could find out about the confusion, the obligation to eliminate the harm shall not be created.

Article 59. Transactions concluded as a result of fraud

59.1. If others are cheated with the purpose to conclude transaction, the cheated person shall be entitled to insist on considering the transaction void. In this case, considering the transaction void shall not depend on whether the person cheated had an intention to gain profit or do harm to the cheated person.

59.2. If a party to the transaction finds out later that the other party has hidden circumstances might obstruct the conclusion of the transaction, s/he shall be entitled to insist to consider the transaction void.

59.3. If person benefiting from the transaction knew or had to know that s/he was deceived by the third party, it may insist on considering the transaction void.

59.4. Interested party after a year upon learning that the grounds exist to consider the transaction void, shall be entitled to present its grievance.

Article 61. Some transaction parts become void

61.1. Though some parts of transaction deemed void, but the remaining parts potentially could satisfy the transaction objectives, then the transaction shall remain valid.

61.2. Article 202.5. of this Law shall be applied for this provision as well.

CHAPTER SEVEN

Article 62. Representation in transactions

62.1. Transactions may be concluded via representatives/or proxies.

62.2. If law prohibits to conclude via proxies, or due to the nature of transaction, the parties should conclude it in person, such a transaction shall not be concluded via proxy.

62.3. Proxy mandate shall be created based on law or warrant.

62.4. Proxy shall be liable to carry out the authorised activity in person.

62.5. If the warrant envisages that activity could be carried out by others, or if it is required in the interest of the proxy, the warrant may be transferred.

62.6. The term of transferred warrant shall not be longer than the principal one.

62.7. Proxy shall be liable to inform the represented person/ principle about transferring the warrant to others and the person received it. If the proxy fails to do so, s/he shall bear the responsibility for consequences of the conduct of the person received the warrant.

Article 63. Proxy

63.1. If represented by warrant proxy may be a citizen or a legal person with full, or partial, or limited civil legal capability.

63.2. Within the mandate delegated by the principle, proxy shall conclude transactions with third parties on behalf of her/him. Rights and obligations created by transaction shall belong solely to the principle.

63.3. Proxy shall be liable to exercise the mandate fairly, adjusting it to the principal's rights and legitimate interests.

63.4. Proxy shall be liable to eliminate the harm done to the principle due to failure to fulfil obligations as provided by Article 63.3. of this Law.

63.5. Person represented by a citizen with partial or limited civil legal capability, without the consent of its legal representative, shall bear personal responsibility for any harm done to others, due to such representation.

Article 64. Proxy mandate

64.1. Principle may delegate mandate to the proxy by notifying orally or in writing her/him and the third party to the transaction about the representation and proxy mandate.

64.2. Written warrant shall meet the following requirements:

64.2.1. be signed by principle, and legal person's warrant shall be signed by executives, carry chop or seal on it;

64.2.2. warrant entitling to receive, or transfer, or administer legal person's assets shall be signed by the accountant beside executives;

64.2.3. issued date shall be indicated;

64.2.4. if provided by law, it should be certified by notary;

64.2.5. if warrant was issued for certain period of time, the duration should be indicated;

64.3. Warrant not meeting requirements of Article 64.2 shall be void.

64.4. Military man warrant shall be certified by commanders of the unit or organisation.

64.5. Warrants issued for a certain period of time shall be valid for no more than three years, warrants without a specified time shall be valid for a year period form the date if issuance.

64.6. Unless otherwise stipulated by law, requirements to the format of transaction to be concluded by proxy are irrelevant to the expression of will of being represented.

Article 65. Acceptance of proxy mandate

65.1. In case a person has created a situation, when another person comprehends itself as the former proxy, and with this comprehension the latter assumes seriously its proxy mandate and has concluded a transaction with a third person, the person having given such a comprehension of proxy mandate, shall not take advantage of the real absence of such a mandate.

65.2. In case the proxy concludes a transaction, without informing others about its proxy mandate, but the other party to the transaction has to be aware about dealing with a person representing others, the transaction consequences will be born by the person represented.

65.3. Provision of Article 65.2 shall be applied, if it was not important for the other party to the transaction with whom the transaction was concluded.

Article 66. Advantages of principle's will

66.1. If transaction is considered void due to insufficient expression of will by the proxy and desired consequences were not created, the will expressed by the principle shall prevail.

66.2. In case of concluding by the proxy of a transaction in compliance with the mandate issued and instructions received, the principle shall not be entitled to insist on considering the transaction void on the grounds that the proxy was not aware about conditions the principle knew or had to know.

Article 67. Changed or terminated proxy

67.1. If the proxy mandate changed or became invalid, the third party shall be notified about it in the form, in which originally the warrant was issued. In case this requirement is not met, the alteration shall not be used by parties in cases other than the third party knew or had to know about at the time of concluding the transaction .

67.2. Representation shall terminate on the following grounds:

67.2.1. declining the mandate by proxy;

67.2.2. mandate invalidation by the represented person;

67.2.3. unless otherwise stipulated in the law, either the proxy or represented person dies or looses full legal capability;

67.2.4. termination of the activity of the legal person was issued the warrant;

67.2.5. fulfillment of the mandate;

67.2.6. termination of the mandate fulfillment term;

67.2.7. if grounds for representation defined by law terminate - as provided by law.

67.3. Principle or proxy shall enjoy the right to invalidate anytime the warrant, or decline the representation. Transaction agreeing on non-existence of such rights shall not be valid.

67.4. Proxy shall be liable to return the mandate to the represented person, as soon as s/ he learns about it.

67.5. The represented person shall notify the proxy and the third party about the invalidation of the warrant, directly or via any possible means of formal media.

67.6. Transaction concluded with another person by the represented person while he was not aware about termination of the warrant term or if it was impossible to know about it, shall be remain valid.

Article 68. Transaction concluded by person without proxy mandate

68.1. If a person without proxy mandate concluded any transaction with a third person on behalf of others, the validity of transaction shall depend on the consent of the represented person.

68.2. If the third person to the transaction requests consent from the represented person, he may receive it.

68.3. The consent shall be received within two weeks. If no reply is received during this period, consent shall be deemed declined.

68.4. Unless the third party to the transaction, while concluding it, knew that the proxy had no mandate, in all other cases it shall be entitled to renounce the transaction prior to getting the consent of the represented person.

Article 69. Responsibility of person without proxy mandate

69.1. If proxy fails to prove its mandate or the represented refuses to issue her/his consent to support the transaction, the person concluded the transaction at own discretion shall be liable to fulfill transaction obligations at the other side's demand, or eliminate any harm done to it.

69.2. If the third party was aware that the transaction had been concluded with a person without proxy mandate, or it had to know it, then the proxy without mandate shall not be responsible for any consequence of the transaction.

69.3. In cases other than representing other persons with the consent of the legitimate representative, a representative with limited or partial civil capability shall not assume any responsibility.

Article 70. No proxy transaction with itself

70.1. Proxy shall be prohibited to conclude transaction with her/himself on behalf of the principle, or on behalf of the latter with a third party.

SUBPART IV

PERIOD OF TIME IN CIVIL LAW

CHAPTER EIGHT

Article 71. Determination of period of time

71.1. Period of time fixed in law, contract or court decision shall be defined by calendar date, week days, year, quarter, month, week, day or hour.

71.2. Period of time may be defined by an event which occurrence is inevitable.

Article 72. Procedure to count period of time

72.1. Period of time shall be counted starting from a fixed date, or the expiration of the period, or after the event took place.

72.2. If the last day of the counted period of time expires on non-working day, then the time shall expire on the first day after the non- working day.

72.3. Period of time is defined in order to fulfil an obligation, so unless otherwise stated in the transaction, such an obligation shall be fulfilled within 24 hours of the last day of the period of time.

72.4. If an entity was supposed to fulfil the obligation, it shall be fulfilled within the last hour of the entity working day or production operation, as determined by the relevant procedure.

72.5. Document shall be deemed executed on time if it was transferred within 24 hours of the last day to a postal office or communication agency.

72.6. For counting the period of time, calendar year shall be consisting of 12 months, half a years ­ six months, quarter ­ three months, a day ­ 24 hours.

72.7. In case of extension, the new period of time shall be counted from the moment of the previous period expiration.

Article 73. Termination of counting a period of time

73.1. Period of time fixed in years, half a year, quarter and months, shall expire the day of the expiring month. If there is no day of the expiring month, the period shall expire the last day of the month.

73.2. Calendar year shall start from January 1st and terminate on December 31st .

73.3. Period of time, fixed in weeks or days, shall expire at the hour of the day when the period expires.

73.4. Period of time, fixed by days of week, shall expire the last hour of the week, when the period expires.

73.5. Period of time, fixed in hours, shall expire at the moment of the hour, when the period expires.

CHAPTER NINE

Article 74. Right to demand prescription relevance

Article 75. General and special prescription

75.1. Unless otherwise stipulated by law, general prescription shall be ten years.

75.2. Unless otherwise specified in this Law, in the following cases special prescription shall be effective:

75.2.1. claims related to performing contract obligations shall have three year prescription;

75.2.2. claims related to contract obligations regarding immovable property shall have six year prescription;

75.2.3. claims related to obligations due to perform during a fixed time shall have three year prescription;

75.2.4. claims related to obligations arising due to causing damage to others' property shall have five year prescription.

75.3. At the request of parties, Court may change the prescription and its counting procedure.

Article 76. Prescription term counting

76.1. Prescription term shall be counted from the time of emerging of the right for claiming.

76.2. If rights were violated, or the violation was known or had to be known, or the appeal claiming or guaranteed terms were fixed, then claiming right shall commence when the claim response received or terms expired, unless otherwise stipulated in the law.

76.3. Prescription, related to claim regarding the refusal to perform certain actions, shall be counted from the time of violating such a claim.

76.4. If the claiming right depends on the claimant's conduct, the prescription shall be counted from the time when the claimant was supposed to take an action.

76.5. Prescription of a negative obligation shall be counted from the basic obligation assumption time.

Article 77. Termination of prescription of added obligation

77.1. With termination of the principal obligation prescription (collateral, bail, guarantee and pledge), the prescription of added obligation shall terminate simultaneously.

Article 78. Cessation of prescription

78.1. In following cases the prescription shall cease:

78.1.1. if performance of obligation was postponed,- for the period of delay ;

78.1.2. for the period, admitted by the principle of the obligation performer's refusal to perform the obligation;

78.1.3. if a competent authority due to emergency or force majeure was unable to refer to court within six months prior to the termination of the prescription, or if court was unable to run its regular operation, then ­ for a period, until such situation elapses;

78.1.4. claims between spouses during the validity of marriage;

78.1.5. as to parents and children, - until the latter reach adolescence;

78.1.6. claims between guardians, trustees and people under their custody ­ during the period when custody or trusteeship are still valid;

78.1.7. for a period when the validity of legal acts regulating such relationship are suspended.

78.2. Article 209 of this Law shall be irrelevant to Article 78.1.2.

78.3. From the time of elapsing the conditions ceasing the prescription, its counting shall renew. If the remaining time is less than three months, the prescription shall be up to three months, if prescription is less than six months, the term shall be prolonged for the remaining prescription period.

78.4. If a person deprived of or with partial civil legal capability has no legal proxy and the prescription might contradict their legitimate interests, the prescription shall not be counted during six months after the restoration of the person's civil legal capability or appointing the legal representative.

Article 79. Prescription break off

79.1. If claimant or obligated person admits the claim to pay to the competent authority an advance, or interest, or provide guarantee, or in any other form, according to the established procedure, the prescription shall break off.

79.2. If a case was brought to Court, the prescription shall break until the Court ruling enters into force, or until the law-suit ends in other forms.

79.3. If parties reconciled, the law-suit cannot be continued, the prescription break shall stop by terminating the final actions take by parties or Court.

79.4. It the case mentioned in Article 79.3. of this Law, counting of the prescription term shall be renewed, but if any party decides to continue the law-suit, it will be equal to presenting claim, and the prescription shall be interrupted again.

79.5. If competent person revoked the claim or Court annulled the claim, the prescription shall not be deemed interrupted. If competent person presents a new claim within six months, the prescription shall be considered interrupted form the day initially the claim was presented. During this period of time Articles 78.1.3 and 78.4. shall be equally applied. If the prescription was interrupted, the passed time shall not be taken into consideration, the prescription shall start anew.

Article 80. Prescription of legally valid claim

80.1. Even if for a particular claim shortened prescription was set, but according to Court rule the claim is still legally valid, its prescription shall be ten years.

80.2. If legally valid claim is repetitive and relevant to future obligations, the shortened prescription set for that particular obligation shall remain valid.

Article 81. Prescription for legacy right

81.1. If the property to be inherited was transferred to a third person according to the legacy right, the prescription counting shall be continued, starting from the time when the property belonged to the previous owner.

Article 82. Consequence of prescription expiration

82.1. In case of expired prescription, obligation performer shall be entitled to refuse to perform the obligations,

82.2. If performer admits the obligation performance, being unaware about prescription expiration, s/he shall not be entitled to refuse to perform the obligation.

82.3. If performer fulfilled the obligation being unaware about prescription expiration, s/he shall not be entitled to claim back the performed obligation.

82.4. If Court or arbitration body considers that there is a sound reason for this, the prescription may be restored and violated right protected.

SUBPART V

RIGHT TO MATERIAL AND NON-MATERIAL WEALTH

CHAPTER TEN

Article 83. Property/Asset

83.1. Anybody may acquire assets that are material wealth, and intellectual values, that are non-material wealth, as well as rights, earned by means not prohibited by law or conflicting with commonly accepted behavioral moral norms, In this case the abovementioned wealth is considered as asset.

Article 84. Material and non-material asset

84.1. Asset that is subject to somebody's ownership shall be property.

84.2. Property shall be classified into immovable and movable.

84.3. Land and assets that cannot be used for their original purpose when they are in separation with land shall be classified as immovable property.

84.4. Goods other than that referred to in Item 84.3 of this Law shall be classified as movable property.

84.5. Rights and claim that bring profit to their owner or that entitle to demand from others or claim, as well as intellectual values belong to non-material asset. Articl 85. Components of asset

85.1. Components that can not be destroyed or separated without lossing their original designation shall be independent subjects of civil legal relationship.

85.2. Houses, constructions, installations and other things, that are constructed for permanent purposes but not to meet temporary needs and inseparably attached to the land shall be main components of land.

Article 86. Accessories to asset

86.1. Movable property, not belonging to components of asset but serving to satify common utility designations of the main asset and which exists in spacial dependence on aset shall be accsessories to asset.

86.2. Things that are pertinent to immovable property, serve to it and can be used in separation without causing serious damage to it shall be considered as accessories.

86.3. Temporary use of other asset for logistic purposes instead of a certain asset shall not make the former an accessory of the latter.

86.4. Temporary separation of an accessory from the main asset shall not deprive of its characteristics of being an accessory.

Article 87. Inseparable or limited rights

87.1. Rights inseparably connected with other rights and that can not be exercised independently without them shall be inseparable rights.

87.2. Rights inherited from wider ranging rights, but limited by the latter shall be limited rights.

Article 88. Benefits from assets and rights

88.1. Product, newly emerged from natural characteristics of assets or produced as a result of designated application of assets, shall be benefits from goods.

88.2. Incomes, generated by designated exercise of rights, shall be benefits from the particular right.

88.3. Unless otherwise provided by law and agreement, legal owner of asset and rights shall be entitled to own the benefits from goods and particular right.

88.4. If person concerned is liable to return benefits, s/he shall exercise rights to demand from authorized person a compensation for costs spent for production of benefits during the normal commercial operation within the limits not exceeding the cost of benefits concerned.

CHAPTER ELEVEN

POSSESSION

Article 89. Creation of possession

89.1. Possession shall be created by legal acquisition of rights and assets at own will.

89.2. Person, currently keeping asset in own possession on behalf of another person according to her/his authorization, shall not be considered as owner. In this case the person delegated the authority shall be the owner.

89.3. Person, acquired the right or obligation to possess assets for certain period of time according to own rights and in own legitimate interests, based on law or transaction, shall be direct possessor. The person, delegated the authority shall be indirect possessor.

89.4. If two or more persons jointly possess an asset, they shall be joint possessors.

89.5. If two or more persons possess certain parts of an asset, each of them shall be possessors of respective parts of the asset.

Article 90. Fair possessor

90.1. Person, legally possessing an asset or having definite possession entitlement, shall be fair possessor.

90.2. Fair possessor shall be entitled within three years to reclaim from the new possessor the property lost from possession.

90.3. In cases other than acquisition of the asset via deception or use of force, the procedure stated in Item 90.2. of this Law shall be effective, if the new possessor enjoys prevailing rights over the previous possessor.

Article 91. Recognition of possessor as owner

91.1. As to the third person, possessor shall be considered as owner of the property.

91.2. Item 91.1. of this Law shall not be applied for the following cases:

91.2.1. if ownership right is based on State registration;

91.2.2. for the previous owner, if property, except for money and securities ?, was out of possession due to reasons not depending on (such as loss or theft, etc.) the previous possessor's will.

Article 92. Demanding cancellation of acts impeding the exercise of possession and

92.1. Fair possessor likewise the owner shall be entitled to demand elimination of any other persons' impediments to exercise rights to possess and use assets in possession.

Article 93. Rights of legal possessor

93.1. A property shall not be demanded from its legal possessor.

93.2. Unless otherwise provided by Law or agreement, legal possessor shall possess the benefits from the asset concerned during the period of possession.

93.3. Provision of this Article shall be effective as well for relations between direct and indirect possessors.

Article 94. Rights and obligations of fair possessor

94.1. Fair possessor, not entitled to posses the asset or lost such a right, shall be liable to return the property to the authorized person.

94.2. Asset and benefits derived from it shall belong to the previous possessor until the authorized person gets the asset back.

94.3. Fair possessor shall be entitled to demand from the authorized person to reimburse the cost of storage, maintenance, repair and improvement of the asset during the possession period.

94.4 In case the property value increased as a result of improvement, the size of demanded reimbursement shall be evaluated at the improvement price at the moment of returning the asset. In this case, the demanded reimbursement amount shall not exceed the total sum of the property price plus profit.

94.5 In case the fair possessor failed to get benefits from the possession due to his/her own fault, the amount of the lost benefit shall be deducted from the reimbursement amount.

94.6 Fair possessor shall exercise the right to refuse to return the asset/ property back to the authorized person until his/her demands are satisfied.

Article 95. Rights and obligations of non-fair possessor

95.1. Non-fair possessor shall be liable to return the benefit from asset or rights to the authorized person and reimburse the due benefits, if s/he failed to get benefits due to own fault.

95.2. Non-fair possessor shall be entitled to demand from the authorize person to reimburse the cost of storage, maintenance, repair and improvement of the property/asset, in case this input increased the profit to the authorized person. The demanded sum shall not exceed the total sum of property/asset value and profit.

Article 96. Termination of possession

96.1. Possession shall be terminated, if possessor completely refused from possession or possessor/legal owner lost to others his/her right to keep the property in other forms in his/ her possession.

96.2. Possession transferred as inheritance shall be transferred to heir in the same size as it was possessed by testator.

96.3. Possession of asset/ property shall terminate when owner or legal possessor present justified demand to possessor.

Article 97. Suspension of possession period

97.1. In case possessor lost his/her right to possess, the period referred to in Items 104.1 and 104.2. of this Law shall be suspended. When possession right is restored, the Period of possession shall be counted again beginning from the period of suspension excluding the past period.

97.2. In case possessor, lost possessor's right beyond own will or on the grounds of a third party claim, regained the right within a year from loosing it, the period of possession shall not be considered suspended.

Article 98. Possession of intellectual values and rights

98.1. The relevant provisions of Articles 89 - 94 of this Law shall be applied to acquisition of possession of intellectual values and rights.

CHAPTER TWELVE

Article 99. Types and forms of ownership

99.1. There shall be public and private properties in Mongolia.

99.2. Common property shall have forms of state, local, ecclesiastical and public.

99.3. Private property shall have forms as individual and communal.

99.4. Public and private ownership may be in mixed forms.

Article 100. Owner.

100.1. Unless otherwise provided by Law, the state, aimag, capital city, soum, duureg, individual and legal person shall be owners.

Article 101. Right to ownership

101.1. Owners shall be entitled to possess, use, dispose of their ownership subjects at own discretion and protect them from any encroachment, without breaking the other parties' rights guaranteed by law or agreement and within the limits determined by law.

101.2. Owners shall be prohibited to abuse ownership rights by causing harm and damage to others. However, if the conduct inevitable to protect own interests was proven to be legitimate, it shall not be considered as abuse of rights.

101.3. Owner of livestock and pet, while exercise ownership rights, shall be liable to observe norms and standards on protection of livestock, wildlife and environment, to meet hygiene requirements and human security.

101.4. In case of owner's failure to use, maintain and store properly the ownership object conflicts with public interests, Court may charge the owner with obligation to properly use, maintain and store the ownership object, or may commission the latter to have this obligation performed by somebody else for certain remuneration.

101.5. Ownership rights shall be applied to components of concerned asset/property.

101.6. Owner may transfer the rights provided by this Article to others, and the person, receiving these rights, shall be entitled to possess, use, and dispose the asset/ property according to designation authorized by the owner and for own activity purposes and procedure.

101.7. Unless otherwise provided by the contract, owner shall be responsible for risks of destruction or damages to object of ownership, its off-spring and benefits due to emergency and force majeur circumstances.

Article 102. Land ownership

102.1. Land, other than the one in private ownership of citizens of Mongolia, shall be in state ownership.

102. 2. While exercising rights, landowners shall not cause damages to the environment or violate rights and legitimate interests of other persons.

102.3. If landowners transfer land for others' use, they shall instruct on its utilization. Land transferred for concrete purposes shall be prohibited to use for other purposes.

102.4. The term "landowner" in this Law shall mean the State until the procedure for private ownership of land by citizens of Mongolia is legalized.

102.5. Relations with regard to privatization, possession and use of State-owned land shall be regulated by law.

Article 104. Acquisition of ownership rights depending on possession period

104.1. Person, possessing ownerless property for five years continuously and transparently like own one, after finding it in a fair manner, shall acquire the right to own it.

104.2. Unless otherwise provided by law, a non-owner, who acquired ownerless immovable property and was possessing it for a period of fifteen years like its owner after its registration with State register, shall acquire the right to own it with the termination of the above-mentioned period.

104.3. Right to ownership shall not be created for person, who acquired property in an unfair manner or if the legitimate owner of the property was identified within the period stipulated in Items 104.1. and 104.2. of this Law.

104.4. In case the assets acquired as stated in Items 104.1. and 104.2. of this Law was transferred to the third party on the basis of inheritance, the period of ownership for heir shall be continuously counted including the period when the property was under the possession of the previous possessor.

104.5. In case the owner presented claims to the person acquired the asset/property prior to the period stated in Items 104.1. and 104.2. of this Law, this period shall be suspended.

Article 105. Prevailing right to acquire ownership right

105.1. Unless otherwise provided by law and agreement, the possessor, who legally possessed and used the property for ten or more years, shall have the prevailing right to acquire ownership right for this particular asset/ property.

Article 106. Claiming right of owner

106.1. Owner shall be entitled to claim own asset/ property from its illegal possession by others.

106.2. If owner considers that his/her ownership right is violated to some extent, though this is not related to the possession of the ownership object, s/he shall be entitled to demand from the violator to eliminate the violation or stop the act impeding the exercise of the ownership right.

106.3. In case the right has continuously been violated after demanding according to Items

106.1. and 106.2 of this Law, s/he shall bring in an action to Court and have the violated right protected.

106.4. Provisions of Items 106.2 and 106.3. of this Law shall be applicable for the legal owner alike.

Article 107. Restoration of violated right certified by security

107.1. Court shall restore violated rights certified by bearer or inscribed security as prescribed by law.

107.2. Authority, competent to regulate and control the security market, shall restore violated rights certified by registered security.

Article 108. Common ownership

108.1. Two or more persons may commonly own asset/property partly or jointly, as provided by law or based on transaction.

108.2. Each owner of common ownership shall be entitled to claim the entire asset from possession of a third person, without hurting rights and legitimate interests of other owners.

108.3. Each owner of parts of common property shall be entitled to transfer own part of it to ownership of others or dispose otherwise and shall be liable to inform other owners of parts of common ownership of thus disposing.

108.4. Any owner of common ownership may transfer to others or otherwise dispose own part of ownership with permission of all other owners, on behalf of the right and in the legitimate interests of any of them.

108.5. Unless otherwise provided by law or agreement, partial owners of common property shall be responsible for cost, tax, fee and other obligations pertaining to maintenance and storage of own part of ownership, meanwhile joint owners of property shall be equally responsible for ownership. Benefits from use of common property shall be allocated commensurably to the above-mentioned shares or proportion.

108.6. Partial owner of common asset/property shall enjoy prevailing right purchase certain part of the common property.

108.7. Unless otherwise provided by law, partial owner of common property shall be entitled to sell own part of asset/property to a third party at a price not less than that offered to other owners, in case of absence of any answer from other owners within a month period since their notification about the intention to sell own part of property and offered price

108.8. Partial owner of common asset/property shall be entitled to separate own part of property or to demand the price of own part, if the designation, completeness and other characteristics of the property could be lost with split-up. Subchapter two Creation and termination of ownership rights

Article 109. Transfer of ownership rights for immovable property

109.1. Either transferor or transferee shall be entitled to request to transfer to others ownership rights for immovable property or have the transfer registered with the State register.

109.2. Grounds for transfer of immovable property shall be clearly stated in the transactions on transfer of immovable property and other relevant documents, and be registered with notary's office. In case, any of parties enters this relationship through a representative, a proxy mandate of representative shall be noted or attached to the document.

109.3. Non-owner, registered with the State register as owner, shall be the owner of the immovable property for the transferee of ownership rights. However, this provision shall not apply to transferee, who was aware that the transferor of rights was not the property owner.

Article 110. Termination of ownership rights for immovable property

110.1. If ownership right for immovable property is transferred from a person to another based on transaction, ownership rights shall be created for the new owner and terminated for the previous owner by registering the transaction with Immovable Property Registration Office.

Article 111. Transfer of ownership rights for movable property

111.1. Unless otherwise provided by law or agreement, rights ownership for movable property shall be created for the new owner and terminated for the previous by the actual transfer of the property to the ownership of transferee as requested, in conformity with relevant procedures.

111.2. Actual transfer of property shall be considered as completed, in following cases:

111.2.1. with transferring the property to the ownership of transferee;

111.2.2. with conclusion of transfer agreement, if the property in question is in the possession of transferee of ownership rights;

111.2.3. with conclusion of an agreement on transfer of claiming rights by the owner to the person acquiring the ownership right , if the property is in the possession of a third party.

Article 112. Transfer of ownership rights with payment of property price

112.1. If parties agreed that ownership rights shall be transferred with complete payment of the price of property, the ownership right shall be transferred to the new owner, when the property price is fully paid.

112.2. Parties shall be liable to return all objects duly transferred to each other, if transferor of ownership rights renounces the agreement, when the transferee has not paid the price of property in due time. In this case, owner of the property in question shall be entitled to demand the party, that has not fulfilled the obligation, to compensate for damage and loss incurred, excluding ordinary depreciation.

Article 113. Transfer of ownership rights with transfer of securities and relevant

113.1. If law or agreement provides so, ownership rights for property concerned shall be considered transferred with the transfer of documents or securities attached to the asset.

113.2. Ownership rights to be certified by inscribed security, shall be transferred by updating the entry of the inscriber security.

113.3. Ownership rights to be certified by non-bearer security, shall be transferred by handing-over the security to others.

113.4. Ownership rights to be certified by bearer security shall be transferred in conformity with relevant legislation.

113.5. Transferor of bearer security shall be responsible for validity of the security. However, the transferor shall not be responsible for the transfer of rights.

113.6. Rights certified by security shall be entirely transferred with transfer of security to others.

113.7. Transferor of inscribed security shall be responsible for its validity and transfer of rights.

Article 114. Fair acquisition of ownership rights

114.1. Rights to ownership shall be considered acquired fairly, if transferee of ownership rights was not aware or was not able to be aware that the transferor was not the owner of property. On the contrary, if, transferee of ownership rights was aware, or had to be aware or was able to learn that the transferor was not the owner of property, ownership rights shall not be considered as been acquired fairly.

Article 115. Acquisition of property without ownership

115.1. Ownerless property or property, the owner of which renounced own ownership with the purpose of terminating ownership rights, shall be considered as objects without ownership.

115.2. If person acquired objects without ownership by means other than that prohibited by law or did not violate the rights of authorized person while acquiring them, then s/he shall be entitled to possess and owner the objects in accordance with Items 104.1. and 104.2 of this Law.

115.3. Unless otherwise provided by law, provisions of this Article may observed in case of acquisition, possession and ownership of lost livestock, pet or other animal.

Article 116. Lost property

116.1. Person found lost property shall be liable immediately notify its owner or the authorized claimant and hand over to them the property. In the absence of such persons, local administrative or police organization shall be informed, and her/himself shall store and protect it, or shall be liable to hand it over to these organizations.

116.2. Person found the lost property shall be entitled to ownership of it, if the owner or authorized person were not identified within one year from the time the authorized organizations were informed as stipulated in Item 116.1 of this Law. If the person found refuses to own the property, the property shall be transferred to local ownership.

116.3. Person found the lost property shall be entitled to demand from the owner or authorized person, or local authorized organizations a reward, and reimburse the costs related to storage, protection and search for owner of the property.

116.4. Reward amount shall be agreed by parties, but if they fail to do so, the reward amount shall be equal to ten percent of the whole price of the lost property.

116.5. If the lost property easily perishable or the cost of its storage and protection significantly exceeds its price, the person found it shall be entitled to sell it with the consent of competent authorities as specified in Item 116.1. through public sales points. In this case, proceeds from sales of the lost property shall be considered as lost property.

116.6. Person, found lost property in public place, office-room or public transport, shall hand over the property to the administration of the respective organization.

116.7. Administration of the organization specified in Item 116.6. of this Law shall be liable to announce publicly about the lost property, ensure its safety or transfer it to the authorized organization stipulated in Item 116.1. of this Law. In this case, person found the property and organization to which the lost property was handed over shall be entitled to demand the reward specified in Item116.4. of this Law in equal amounts and related costs in real size.

116.8. Provision of Item 116.5. of this Law shall be applied to the property referred to in Item 116.6 as well. However, if the property owner or possessor was not identified within the period specified in Item 116.2. of this Law, the organization to which the lost property was handed over shall become owner of the property,.

Article 117. Lost livestock

117.1. Person found lost livestock must notify the proper local administrative body or police organization and herd the livestock in her/his possession until the owner of the livestock is identified, or its transfer to local administrative body or police organization.

117.2. If the owner is identified within a year from the public announcement, the lost livestock together with offspring shall be returned. If the owner is not identified within this period, the livestock shall be kept in possession of the person found it or transferred to local ownership.

117.3. Person found the lost livestock shall be entitled to demand reimbursement of any costs incurred and reward for finding as prescribed by Item 116.3. and 116.4 of this Law.

Article 118. Hidden valuables

118.1 Unless otherwise provided by law, if any hidden valuable, which had been buried underground for long time or abandoned until it became impossible to identify its owner or authorized person, was found, the person found it or owner of the land or property, where the hidden valuable was found, shall be entitled to own it in equal shares, unless they agreed otherwise.

118.2. Hidden valuable shall be transferred as a whole to the owner of the land or property, where it was found, if hidden valuable was found in the result of exploration with the purpose of finding it without the consent of owner of the land or property, where hidden valuable was found.

118.3. If objects of historic and cultural value were found among buried valuables, they shall be transferred to the state ownership. In this case, the owner of the land and property, where the hidden valuable was found, or person found it shall be entitled to equal share of reward equal to fifty percent of price of the valuable.

118.4. Provision of this article shall not apply to buried valuables, archaeological and paleonthological findings, found by persons in charge of research and digging during performance of their official duties.

Article 119. Merger or mix up of property

119.1. Unless otherwise stipulate in law or contract, the movable property as main component of and attached to the estate as provided by Item 85.2. of this Law, shall be the property of the owner of the estate.

119.2. In case a new property, which is inseparable and created as a result of merger or mix up of property belonging to separate ownership of two or more owners, those owners shall be joint owners of the new property.

119.3. If a dispute arises about the ownership right for property referred to in Item 119.2. of this Law, the person, owned the major or main part of the property prior to merger or mix up, shall be the owner of the newly created property. The other person shall not be entitled to demand the restoration of the initial state of property, although s/he shall exercise the right to have damages caused to him/her be eliminated.

Article 120. Reprocessing of property

120.1. In case if a person created a new movable property through repair, improvement and reprocessing, then the person and the owner of the property shall partially own the property in common, unless otherwise provided by law or agreement. Parts of ownership belonging to them shall be determined proportionally to the material cost and production expenses.

120.2. If a dispute arises over ownership rights between parties referred to in this Article, then the party, which invested more assets and labour into the newly created property shall be the owner of the property. The other party shall not be entitled to right to demand on restoration of the initial state of property, although shall have the right to demand damage compensation.

Article 121. Termination of others' rights by transfer of ownership right

121.1. If ownership right was transferred according to Articles 119 and 120 of this law, any right of other persons concerning the property in question shall be terminated.

Article 122. Acquisition of ownership right over non-material property

122.1. Unless otherwise provided by law, ownership right of a person created an intellectual property shall arise at the moment of its creation.

122.2. Owner of the right or claiming right may transfer own ownership rights to the owner of another property to the extent to which used to possess.

122.3. The previous owner shall be responsible for providing the new owner with all documents pertaining to right and claiming right, and any information necessary for exercising these rights, as well as for transfer of notification certified by notary office regarding the transfer of above-mentioned rights, if the new owner requires. The new owner shall bear the cost related to transfer of documents.

Article 123. Transfer of claiming rights

123.1. Obligation performer shall fulfill obligations taken by the agreement before the principal until s/he is notified about the transfer of rights.

123.2. If it does not contradict the law, or contract, or the nature of the obligation, owner of the claiming rights may transfer his/her rights to a third party based on the agreement concluded, without the consent of performer of obligations

123.3. If rights and legitimate interests of obligation performer might suffer, transfer of claiming rights may be limited by agreement.

123.4. Performer of obligations shall be entitled to object or present claims at the moment of receiving a notification on transfer of claiming rights to a new performer of obligations.

123.5. If obligation performer demanded the initial principal to consider obligations fulfilled prior to the transfer of claiming rights, such demand may be addressed to the new performer of obligations.

123.6. Other rights, pertaining to claiming rights and methods to ensure its exercise, shall be transferred along with transfer of claiming rights to new owner.

123.7. If person exercising claiming rights agreed with several persons to transfer rights, then the first person agreed with, shall have full rights to demand before the obligation performer. If the first person agreed is impossible to identify, then it shall be considered that rights were transferred to the person, who first notified the obligation performer.

123.8. As for the transaction to be made in the form stated in the law or agreement, transfer of claiming rights shall be made in the form the transaction is made.

123.9. Procedure prescribed by this article shall be applied as well to the transfer of claiming rights as stated in the law, or on the basis of Court ruling or the decision of the competent government entity.

Article 124. Transfer of loan

124.1. Having agreed with the possessor of claiming rights, a third party may transfer to her/himself the debt of the obligation performer, thus becoming the obligation perform. In this case the procedure provided by Item 123.8.shall be effective as well.

124.2. New obligation performer shall be entitled to make all counter claims, arising from relationship between the claming right possessor and previous obligation performer, to the claming right possessor.

124.3. If a guarantor and pledgee refuse to continue their relations upon the transfer of debt, then the collateral/mortgage, pledge, guarantee and bank guarantee aimed at satisfying the demand shall be terminated. Subchapter three Family property rights

Article 125. Family property and its regulation

125.1. Family property shall consist of properties of spouses, and other family members.

125.2. Some relations of property rights of spouses may be regulated by contract.

Article 126. Common property of family members

126.1. All properties accrued for the period of life together since the marriage, except for personal property of family members, shall be common property.

126.2. The following property shall be the common property of family members:

126.2.1. profits earned in the course of joint labour and economic activities of family members, as well as other revenues, cash accumulation and property which is newly accrued;

126.2.2. movable or immobile properties earned by incomes of common property of family members;

126.2.3. dividends and securities;

126.2.4. other properties accrued since the marriage, notwithstanding at whose name of spouses or family members the property is registered;

126.2.5. asset, cash accumulation transferred from separate property of a family member for the purpose of common ownership;

126.3. If the price of a personal property of a family member increased significantly as a result of reconstruction, innovation or re-equipping undertaken by other members of family or the separate property (apartment, gher, compound, house) was designed for the use of the new family, then these may be defined as property of common ownership.

126.4. Wife, husband, and other members of the family, who did not earn income since the marriage due to engagement in household works, child caring, sickness and other sound reasons, shall be entitled to ownership of family common property.

Article 127. Separate property of family member

127.1. Unless a family member agrees to transfer it to common ownership of family members, the following property shall be own personal property:

127.1.1. property, money or property rights which were acquired by either spouse before the marriage;

127.1.2. accumulated money, property or property rights transferred to a spouse by inheritance or gift, as well as property or money acquired as a result of sale or monetization of those things;

127.1.3. property designated for individual consumption by a spouse;

127.1.4. intellectual property or author's honorarium;

127.1.5. reward for individual talent, capability and achievement;

127.1.6. property or money acquired by a spouse using personal property and which is required for carrying out professional activities.

127.2. Family members shall be entitled to right to possess, use and dispose of their personal property at their own discretion.

127.3. Unless otherwise agreed, family members shall be responsible with their personal property for assuming obligations arising from their private activities.

Article 128. Possession, use and disposal of common property

128.1. Family members shall equally exercise rights to own, use, and dispose of properties of family common ownership, as well as possess, use and dispose them on the basis of mutual agreement.

128.2. Any member of family shall obtain written permission from a family adult member and have it certified by notary to dispose an immovable property of the family common ownership.

128.3. Unless otherwise provided by law, any transaction which does not comply with provision of Item of 128.2. shall be void.

128.4. If it is was reveled that a family member transferred property to others at own discretion or deliberately concealed profits and incomes derived from the transfer, then other family members whose rights were violated shall be entitled to restore their rights.

Article 129. Defining member share of common family property

129.1. Per member share of family common property shall be defined in the following cases:

129.1.1. if dispute over per member share arises when a member leaves the family;

129.1.2. if the personal properties of spouses are insufficient to make payments ;

129.1.3. if payments are made by other members of the family;

129.1.4. on the opening of inheritance with the death of a family member.

129.2. Per member share of the property shall be the same for all family members including minors and disabled members.

129.3. In the case of divorce or the marriage considered void, Court may fix a different per member shares of property, taking into consideration the health condition of spouses or interest of children.

129.4. When defining per member share of property for family members, other than specified in Item 129.3 of this Law, Court may rule to reduce share size or not to give at all to a family member, taking into consideration her/his labour contribution and property size contributed to formation of the family common property.

129.5. Item 129.4 of this Law shall not be applicable if a family member was not able to contribute own labour or property to the formation of family common property for sound reason such as military service, academic study or long term illness, etc.

129.6. Court shall settle the disputes arising from the defining the per member share in the family common property.

129.7. If profit and income earned jointly by family members or earned as a result of assuming obligations by a member were proven to be used for family needs, then payment may be made from assets of common ownership, and if the asset is insufficient then the payment shall be made from the personal properties of the family member.

129.8. If profit and income gained were proven to be transferred to personal property of other members of the family or to assets of common ownership, in order to escape paying the compensation for damages caused to others or to conceal own illegal acts, then payment may be made in the required amount from the respective property.

Article 130. Split up common property jointly owned by family members

130.1. Common property of family members may be split up at the request of a spouse or any adult member of family while marriage is valid, or after the divorce, or at the demand of a plaintiff, if personal property of a family member is insufficient to make payment.

130.2. Family members may split up the property of common ownership based on their mutual consent.

130.3. Court shall define per member shares of in family common property in case of dispute, and rule which property should be allotted to which family member, and if the price of property transferred to a member exceeds her/his share, the price balance shall be give to other members.

Article 131. Member leaving the family

131.1. If one or more family members leave the family, they shall take their shares of common property, but shall not entitled to property which is essential for the further conduct of family business.

131.2. If it is impossible to give the share in kind, then its money equivalent shall be paid.

Article 132. Spouses regulating ownership rights by contract

132.1. In case of annulling the marriage and procedure regulating responsibility of spouses for family budget and expenses, the procedure of determining per spouse share of assets and other conditions pertaining to ownership rights may be regulated on the basis of contract in conformity with this Law.

132.2. Spouses shall conclude a written contract pertaining to their ownership rights and have it certified by notary. Contract that does not meet this requirement shall be invalid.

132.3. Spouses may conclude a contract pertaining ownership rights anytime prior to or after the marriage.

132.4. Contract concluded prior to marriage shall enter into effect from the date of marriage registration.

132.5. It is prohibited for spouses to include into the contract conditions, that regulate non- property relations, or obviously affecting legitimate rights and interests of either of spouses, or restricting legal capability of any of them.

Article 133. Alteration and termination of contract

133. 1. Contract may be cancelled by agreement of spouses or rule of Court at the request of any of spouses. Agreement on alteration and termination of contract shall be made in the format similar to the original contract. Sub-chapter four Neighbor's rights

Article 134. Neighboring property

134.1. Bordering estates and other immovable property, which may mutually influence on each other shall be considered as neighboring property.

134.2. Owner or possessor of the neighboring property shall be obligated to pay respect to other parties in situations, other than exercising his/her rights and fulfilling obligations defined by law.

Article 135. Restriction and prohibition, or non-restriction and non-prohibition of

135. 1. Owner or possessor of one side of the neighboring property shall not be allowed to restrict or prohibit the other side's inevitable influence not impeding the use of his/her property.

135.2. If a party's influence was due inevitable necessity to use own property for ordinary entrepreneurial purposes, though the influence is serious, then the provision of Item 135.1 shall be applied as well. If this influence is considered exceeding the degree of normal use, then the other part shall be entitled to demand from the influencing party cash compensation.

135.3. Owner of the neighboring property shall be entitled to prohibit the construction and use of on-the-ground or underground facilities, that may cause serious damages to his/her rights and legitimate interests, and demand the owner or possessor of the other part to act violating rights.

135.4. In case if construction and facility referred to in the clause 135.3 of this law clearly conflicts with legitimate interests and rights of owner of the other part, despite they are constructed outside the fixed boundary of neighboring estates, then owner of neighboring property shall be entitled to demand to demolish or remove them.

135.5. A neighbor shall have rights to demand the owner or possessor of construction located on the territory of neighbor to undertake all the safety measures to prevent from the danger of falling of the construction on the territory owned by her/him.

Article 136. Use of water flow

136.1. It is prohibited to change the flowing direction of underground clean water or waste water running across several estates, as well as to reduce the amount of water running to other estates, or to deteriorate the quality of water, or use flowing or underground clean water in a way restricting others' needs.

136.2. It is prohibited to change the natural river flow, except for cases provided by law.

Article. 137. Admission of violation of neighbor's border

137.1. If possessor of land constructs facilities without neighbor's permission, then the neighbor shall have to admit such violation unless s/he demanded the possessor to halt his/her activities prior to or soon after beginning the act of violation of boundary.

137.2. The party violated the neighbor's rights, shall pay cash compensation to his/her neighbor annually and be liable to pay in advance the payment due in current year before the end of previous year.

Article. 138. Construction of roads, pipelines across neighbor's land

138.1. In case an estate in possession is surrounded by private land and has no access to the road of public use or unable to use common network of power, gas and water supply, then possessor of the land shall be entitled to build a road, line or pipeline to be connected with the above-mentioned points through neighbor's land.

138.2. In the case referred to in Item 138.1. of this law, neighbor shall provide with relevant permission, and the party that builds a road, line or pipeline shall pay one time agreed compensation at the other party request. If parties fail to agree about the compensation amount, Court shall determine the amount of compensation.

138.3. Possessor of land, who changed or made impossible the use of road, line and pipeline, that had previously been used, without neighbor's permission, shall lose rights stipulated in Item 138.1 of this Law.

138.4. If possessor transferred a part of land of his/her estate, road, line and pipeline of public use, to possession of another person and the remaining part is needed to be connected with road, line and pipeline of public use, then the new possessor shall be obligated to issue a permission to build a road, and pipeline through his/her territory.

Article 139. Marking neighbor's boundary

139.1. The land owner shall be entitled to demand the neighboring land owner to participate in erecting border marks along the boundaries of the neighboring area, restoring or repairing the marks earlier erected along the boundaries of the neighboring area, and unless stated otherwise, the parties shall equally share respective costs.

139.2. Unless there is no possibility to set the detailed boundaries, the size area practically in the possession of neighbors shall be taken into consideration. If the size is impossible to determine, parties shall possess equally divided parts of the disputed area. However, if they fail to do so the dispute shall be settled by Court.

Article 140. Communal use of neighboring area boundaries

140.1. Neighbors shall have an equal right to use from both sides at the same time the boundaries of the neighboring area and other erections including fences etc. While exercising this right, both parties shall liable not to hinder other side's rights to use land.

140.2. The parties shall equally share the cost related to use and maintenance of fences and other erections.

140.3. No party shall be entitled to disassemble fences or other erections marking the boundaries of the neighboring area without permission from the other party.

140.4. Provision of Items 140.1- 140.3 shall not be applied in case a wall composing a component of a construction in the neighboring area in the ownership or possession of one party marks the boundary.

Article 141. Transcription irrelevant to neighbor's ownership rights

141.1. Transcription shall not relate to requirements stipulated in Items 135.3- 135.5,

138.1, 138.4, 139.1 and 139.2 of this Law. Sub- chapter five Communal apartment ownership right

Article 142. Ownership of communal apartment

142.1. Rooms inside the communal apartment and other non-apartment area not related to objects of communal ownership can be solely owned.

142.2. Parts of apartment house, construction and equipments that are not related to solely owned objects shall be in the communal ownership.

142.3. Part of the communal property, which is a part of apartment owner's property, shall be determined by the apartment area and the ratio of the overall area.

142.4. Only isolated apartments with concrete boundaries (apartment, room) and other isolated objects of the construction shall be considered as property of single ownership.

Article 143. Apartment owners' association

143.1. In case two or more households become owners of their apartment in the same communal apartment house, the Apartment owner's association (hereinafter refereed as an association) shall be set up with the purpose of exercising communal ownership rights, ensuring safety maintenance of the apartment house and protecting rights, benefits and interests of apartment owners.

143.2. Apartment owners inhabiting in neighboring few apartment houses may join and form a single association.

143.3. The Apartment owner's association shall not enjoy the rights of legal person.

143.4. All other persons owning apartments in the same apartment house shall be obligated to be members of the Apartment owner's association.

143.5. If the apartment house is composed of the mixed ownership apartments including state property and local property apartments, representatives appointed by the organization authorized by owners shall be members of the Association.

143.6. Matters related to the Apartment owner's association shall be regulated by law.

Article 144. Dissolution of association

144.1. In case the major part of the apartments and other assets is destroyed or damaged, and the damage and destruction cannot be repaired or eliminated using insurance or other ways, apartment owners may dissolve the association.

Article 145. Creation and termination of single ownership rights for apartment

145.1. The right for single ownership of an apartment shall be created on basis of law or transaction.

145.2. Transaction creating the right of single ownership of an apartment shall be certified by notary and registered with the State register.

145.3. All owners shall be entitled to have the apartment (room) and other area ­ objects of single ownership be registered with the State Real Estate Registration Office as provided by law.

Article 146. Objects of single and communal ownership of apartment

146.1. The area stipulated in Article 142 of this Law, and its components, which could be renovated, isolated and improved without violating the rights of other persons owning communal or single objects, or without damaging the outside image of the building, shall be objects of single ownership.

146.2. Even located in the middle of a single ownership area/property, but being a part necessary for ensuring the reliable quality and safety of the building, as well as installations and equipment, commonly used by owners, shall not be deemed as objects of single ownership.

146.3. Apartment owners may negotiate and agree about co-ownership of some parts of the area that belong to the single ownership objects.

146.4. It is prohibited to transfer single ownership areas for others' ownership in the form of selling, using as collateral or any other form, without including the respective part of communal property. This provision shall not cover non- apartment areas of single ownership property.

Article 147. Distribution of costs and payments related to communal ownership objects of

147.1. Apartment owners shall be liable to pay the competent entities for heating, hot and clean water, sewage water removal, hygiene, electricity, communication related to their owned apartment and non- apartment areas, and to pay for maintenance and repair of communal ownership parts to the Apartment owner's association.

147.2. For determining the participation of apartment owners in paying costs related to services and repair of elevators, ladder, balconies, patio, gates, waste removal, window, and in financing other related costs, the total cost shall be divided by the total number of apartments in the house.

147.3. For defining apartment owner's participation in financing the repair and maintenance, insurance and other relevant inevitable costs related to the maintenance of roof, basement, space to the first blinder of heating supply, hot/cold water supply net, area to the switchboard of power input, area to the link-box of telecommunication line installed on each floor, wastewater net above the floor +0.00 mark, upper and lower water pools for public use located in the apartment house, parking area and other objects of communal ownership similar to them, the area belonging to single ownership shall be compared with total area of single ownership in the house.

147.4. Size of one third of non-residential area shall be added to owner's residential area to calculate the space that is in single ownership.

147.5. Owner, who did not make a proposal on issues other than providing the normal and safe operation of apartment use, and current repairs, shall not be liable to reimburse the costs related to the implementation of above-mentioned measures, but in this case s/he shall not be entitled to demand to use the products resulting from implementing the above- mentioned measures.

147.6. Association of apartment owners shall have repaired objects of communal ownership by professional organizations on contract basis. The association shall eliminate damages caused to others in related to contract obligations according to provisions stated in Items 147.2 and 147.3 of this Law, unless otherwise stipulated in the statute of the Association or contract with apartment owners.

Article 148. Rights and obligations of apartment owner

148.1. The apartment owner shall have the following rights:

148.1.1. Unless stated otherwise in law, owner shall exercise the right at own discretion to possess, use and dispose of the objects of single ownership;

148.1.2. To use the communal ownership objects according to their original designation;

148.1.3. To have a voting right commensurate to the own share in the regarding the maintenance and disposal of communal ownership objects;

148.1.4. To be entitled to take necessary measures to reduce and eliminate any potential damage to the communal objects without permission of co-owners and to claim for reimbursement of any related costs;

148.1.5. Other related rights stated in law;

148.2. The apartment owner shall have the following duties:

148.2.1. Not break rules of common residence with other co- owners in the course of using, maintaining and storing the objects of single ownership;

148.2.2. While maintaining, repairing and renovating own apartment or non- apartment parts of the building, the owner shall be obligated to follow respective legislation, standards and norms, not to cause damages to objects of other parties ownership, and not to break other legitimate rights and interests;

148.2.3. To take a certain part in financing the maintenance and repair of objects of communal ownership and other commonly accepted costs.

148.2.4. In order to secure the safety and normal operation of objects of communal ownership existing in the area of single owned objects, the owners shall be liable to permit access to these objects.

148.2.5. Accept any measures necessary to install communication and supply (water, sewage etc) lines.

148.2.6. In case the communal and other types of ownership objects were transferred to others' use, the owner shall be liable to share the responsibility for any consequences of due to the using person's failure to fulfill duties provisioned by Items 148.2.1- 148.2.7. of this Law.

148.2.7. The owner shall be liable to eliminate damages caused due to the failure to execute own duties stated in Items 148.2.4 and 148.2.5. of this Law

148.3. Non-use or refusal to use objects of single or communal ownership shall not serve as grounds for full or partial exempt from paying any costs related to exploitation, maintenance and repair of objects of the communal ownership.

Article 149. Demanding rights of apartment owners

149.1. Other owners of apartment shall have the right to demand to exclude the owner, who made the below-stated violations, from the Apartment owners' association, and to transfer to others her/his ownership rights for apartment:

149.1.1. if this owner seriously and regularly violated his/her obligations state in Items 148.2.1., 148.2.2 and 148.2.6 of this Law and did not take measures to stop and eliminate the violation within three months, despite the written warning from the side of Association;

149.1.2. if this owner did not perform his/her obligations, stated in Item 148.2.3 of this Law, over six months, or his/her outstanding payment exceeds 20 percent of the price of the apartment of sole ownership;

149.1.3. other grounds provided by law.

149.2. If the apartment owner does not satisfy voluntarily the demand stated Item 149.1. of this Law, then the Association of apartment owners shall be entitled to sue her/him in the Court through its representative. Sub-chapter six Limiting others' ownership rights with the purpose to exercise own rights

Article 150. Right to build buildings and installations on others' land

150.1. Person, who obtained a right to build a building or installation on the land owned by others, shall transfer that land into own ownership with the right to hand down, use as mortgage, or sell to a third party, or dispose of it in other manner.

150.2 The land owner is obligated at the request of the person, obtaining the right to construct a building, to transfer into his possession the land that is not absolutely necessary to build the building and installation, but providing an opportunity to use the land in a better way.

150.3 The right to build buildings and installations shall necessarily have a specific term, and term shall not exceed 99 years. A transaction that conditions the premature termination of such rights shall be void.

150.4 In cases other than specified in Item 150.7 of this Law, it is prohibited to terminated the rights to construct a, at one party initiative.

150.5 The building or an installation that are built based on the right to construct a building or installation shall be deemed the main component of such a right, and destruction and break of the construction or installation shall not serve as grounds for termination of such rights.

150.6. If land owner's permit is required in case of selling the right to construct a building or installation to others, mortgaging it and other types of administering it, the owner shall not be entitled to refuse to give the permit except for situations when his/her rights and legal interests are seriously breached.

150.7 Unless provisioned otherwise by contract, a person who obtained the rights to construct a building or installation, shall pay the payments for possessing the rights to the land owner in accordance with the procedures stated in Item 137.2 of this Law. In case this payment is not done for two years, the land owner shall be entitled to cancel the contract at own initiative.

150.8 The parties may agree to revise every ten years the amount of the payment provisioned in Item 150.7 of this Law.

150.9 Unless otherwise provided by law or contract, when the right to possess the land for the purposes of construct a building or installation expires, the owner of land shall be obligated to compensate the price of the building or installation to the person who possessed the right.

150.10. Possessor of land may extend the term of the right to possess land allocated with designation to construct a building or installation for the period of normal existence of construction or installation concerned, instead of compensation provisioned in Item 150.9. of this Law.

150.11. If person, who used to possess land for the purposes of constructing refuses to extend the period as is stated in the clause 150.10 of this law, then he/she shall lose his/ her rights to demand a compensation.

150.12. Unless otherwise provided by law or agreement, a person, who used to possess land for the purposes to construct a building or installation, shall not be entitled to separate the building or installation and their components, and move them away, upon the expiry of the term of the right concerned.

150.13. Right to construct a building or installation shall be registered with the State register.

150.14. Right to demand compensation as provided by Item 150.9. of this Law, shall be satisfied in the same order as the one for rights to construct a building or installation, and parties shall not be entitled to alter this order on negotiation basis.

150.15. If the rights to construct a building or installation are still under collateral at the moment of expiration of this right, then the person given the collateral shall be entitled to demand the performance of obligation secured by the pledge.

150.16 Owner of the land shall become a party to the rent contract concluded between the person, who used to have the right to construct the building or installation, and a third party.

150.17. The relevant part of the procedure on acquiring the immovable property provided by this law, shall be applied as well for relations pertaining to creation of rights to construct building or installation and acquisition of such a right.

Article 151. Right to limit property rights of owner of an immovable property (servitude)

151.1. To exercise own ownership rights, owners of immovable property shall have rights to limit the rights of other owners of immovable property (hereinafter called servitude) in the following ways:

151.1.1. if provided by law or agreement, use first of all in a limited way immovable property of others;

151.1.2. assign other owners not to carry out activities conflicting with his/her rights and legitimate interests;

151.1.3. restrict the exercise of some rights of owner limited by servitude towards the immovable property of party with servitude;

151.2. The authorized person while exercising the servitude shall be liable not to violate the legitimate rights of owner of the immovable property concerned,.

151.3. If parties agreed, the party with servitude shall regularly pay appropriate payment and bonus to the party with limited rights for the fixed period.

151.4. As for a house or construction, person with servitude shall be obligated to maintain it safe and use it properly, and parties may agree so that the party with limited rights shall unilaterally or partially be responsible for relevant cost.

151.5. In case the land or other immovable property of person with servitude is split up and transferred into the ownership of several persons, then each of those owners shall keep the servitude, unless rights of owner with limited rights are deteriorating.

151.6. In case the land of owner with limited by servitude rights, is split up to several persons, then land, other than that used be limited by servitude, shall be exempt from restriction of rights.

151.7. If somebody causes impediment to person with servitude in exercising his/her rights, then s/he shall be entitled to demand to eliminate the impediment.

151.8. Non-owner person may on grounds provided by law or contract exercise servitude rights to meet his/her household purposes likewise the person with servitude, then in this case this person shall not be entitled to transfer the servitude to others.

151.9. Owner with restricted rights shall be entitled to transfer the servitude to other parts of his/her estate, unless serious difficulty may occur to entitled person in exercising his/her servitude.

151.10. Owner of limited rights shall be responsible for costs related to the transfer of servitude as provided by Item 151.9. of this Law.

Article 152. Right to limited possession and use of others' property (usufruct).

152.1. Rights to limited possession and use of other's property in the purpose to earn profit or benefit shall be called usufruct.

152.2. Usufruct owner shall be entitled to same rights as the owner of the property to possess and use the property, except for disposal of property through complete transfer of it into the ownership of a third person. In case of pledge and rent of the property to the third party, then usufruct owner shall necessarily obtain the permission of the owner.

152.3. With termination of usufruct, the owner of the property concerned shall be a party to an agreement concluded by Usufruct owner with a third party.

152.4. For acquisition of usufruct, the same procedure used for acquisition of similar types, of movable and immovable properties as stated in this Law shall be used.

152.5. Usufruct may by determined with or without charge, for certain or uncertain period or for lifetime of the usufruct owner.

152.6. Usufruct may be terminated on the following grounds:

152.6.1. with death of person owning usufruct or dismissal of the legal peson ;

152.6.2. usufruct owner and owner of property become one person.

152.6.3. termination of usufruct term.

152.7. Owner of the usufruct shall be obligated to return the property concerned to the principal owner when usufruct is terminated on the grounds specified in Articles 236-240 of this Law.

152.8. Usufruct owner shall not change the type and designated use of usufruct without consent of owner.

152.9. As for an estate, owner of the usufruct shall have rights to construct facilities for exploration and other necessary purposes and install equipment without changing the commercial designation of the estate.

152.10. Parties may assign experts at their expense to evaluate the current state of the usufruct.

152.11. If usufruct item is a complex of objects, then parties shall compile its list and document it by signing. At the request or cost of any party, parties may invite a competent person as a witness or request competent agencies or experts produce the list.

152.12. Unless otherwise provided by law or agreement, usufruct owner shall be responsible for repairs, securing normal commercial operation, maintenance of usufruct item, relevant taxes and payments as well as be responsible for insuring usufruct item. The owner shall not be responsible for normal depreciation of the usufruct item.

152.13. In case of insurance, the owner of the property concerned likewise the usufruct owner, shall be entitled to demand compensation from insurer.

152.14. Usufruct owner shall be obligated to notify immediately the principal owner in case of us