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NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS LAW

Category  BANKING Organ of Promulgation  The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Status of Effect  In Force
Date of Promulgation  1995-05-10 Effective Date  1996-01-01  

Negotiable Instruments Law of the People's Republic of China



Contents
Chapter I  General Provisions
Chapter II  Bills of Exchange
Chapter III  Promissory Notes
Chapter IV  Cheques
Chapter V  The Applicable Laws Pertaining Negotiable Instruments in Cases
Chapter VI  Legal Responsibility
Chapter VII  Supplementary Provisions

(Adopted at the 13rd meeting of the Standing Committee of the Eighth

National People's Congress, and promulgated by Order No.49 of the President
of the People's Republic of China on May 10, 1995)
Contents
Chapter I  General Provisions
Chapter II  Bills of Exchange

   Section 1  Issue

   Section 2  Endorsement

   Section 3  Acceptance

   Section 4  Guaranty

   Section 5  Payment

   Section 6  Right of Recourse
Chapter III  Promissory Notes
Chapter IV  Cheques
Chapter V  The Applicable Laws Pertaining Negotiable Instruments in Cases

           Involving Foreign Elements
Chapter VI  Legal Responsibility
Chapter VII  Supplementary Provisions

Chapter I  General Provisions

    Article 1  This Law is formulated for the purpose of standardizing
actions concerning negotiable instruments, protecting the legal rights of
parties using negotiable instruments, maintaining economic order in society
and promoting the development of the socialist market economy.

    Article 2  This Law applies to all transactions concerning negotiable
instruments within the territory of the People's Republic of China.

    The term "negotiable instrument" as used in this Law denotes "bill
of exchange", "promissory note" and "cheque".

    Article 3  Activities concerning instruments shall abide by the laws
and administrative regulations and shall not harm public interests.

    Article 4  When creating an instrument, the issuing party shall endorse
it according to statutory conditions and bear liability for the instrument
according to the items specified therein.

    When exercising his rights with regard to an instrument, the bearer shall
endorse the instrument and present it according to statutory procedures.

    Other debtors endorsing the instrument shall bear liability for the
instrument according to the items specified therein.

    The instrument right as referred to in this Law denotes the right of the
bearer to claim the specified amount in payment from the debtor including the
right to claim for payment and the right of recourse.

    Liability for negotiable instruments as referred to in this Law denotes
the obligation of the debtor to pay the sum specified in the instrument to the
bearer.

    Article 5  A party to an instrument may authorize an agent to endorse the
instrument but must specify the principal-agent relationship on the instrument.

    A person without power of agency who endorses an instrument in the
capacity of agent shall bear liability for the instrument; an agent who goes
beyond the limits of his power of agency shall undertake liability for the
part of the instrument overstepping the limits of his powers.

    Article 6  The endorsement of an instrument by a person with no capacity
for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct is invalid, but
this does not influence the validity of other endorsements of the instrument.

    Article 7  The endorsement of an instrument shall be by signature, seal or
both signature and seal.

    The endorsement of an instrument by a legal person or other organization
which makes use of instruments shall be the official seal of the legal person
or organization accompanied by the endorsement of its legal representative or
its authorized agent.

    The signature on an instrument must be the name of the party concerned.

    Article 8  The sum of money on an instrument shall be specified in both
Chinese characters and Arabic numerals; the two figures must be the same, if
the two figures are not the same, the instrument shall be null and void.

    Article 9  Items specified in an instrument must conform to the provisions
of this Law.

    The sum, date and payee recorded in an instrument must not be altered.
Instruments which have been altered are invalid.

    Other items in an instrument may be altered by the person who originally
wrote them, as proof alterations must be endorsed by the aforementioned.

    Article 10  The issue, acquisition and transfer of an instrument shall
be made in good faith and shall constitute a real transaction and reflect the
credit-debit relationship.

    An instrument can only be acquired in consideration of payment, the
corresponding value of which must be agreed by the two parties to the
instrument.

    Article 11  Acquisition of an instrument through taxation, inheritance or
legacy which may be realized in accordance with law without payment, shall not
be subject to being in consideration of payment. However, the bearers' rights
on the instrument shall not exceed those of prior parties.

    Prior parties refers to other debtors of an instrument who endorsed it
prior to its endorsement by a specific signatory or bearer.

    Article 12  In cases where an instrument was acquired through fraudulence,
theft or coercion, or in cases where the bearer acquired an instrument through
malice while he knew well that the aforementioned circumstances existed, the
bearer shall not enjoy the instrument right.

    In cases where the bearer through gross negligence acquires an instrument
which does not comply with the provisions of this Law, then the bearer shall
not enjoy the instrument right.

    Article 13  A debtor of an instrument shall not oppose the bearer on the
basis of a dispute between the issuer and the debtor himself or between the
any prior parties to the bearer and the debtor himself. However the exception
is in cases where the bearer acquired the instrument with the foreknowledge
that such opposition existed.

    A debtor of an instrument may oppose a bearer who had a direct
credit-debit relationship with him and did not perform the stipulated
obligation.

    Opposition as referred to in this Law denotes the act whereby the debtor
of an instrument refuses to carry out his obligations to the creditor in
accordance with the provisions of this Law.

    Article 14  Items specified in an instrument must be genuine and cannot
be forged or altered. Those who forge or alter the endorsement or other items
in an instrument shall bear legal responsibility.

    Endorsements on an instrument which have been forged or altered shall
have no impact on the other genuine endorsements thereon.

    Where other items in the instrument have been altered, persons who
endorsed the instrument before it was altered shall be liable for the items
originally specified in the instrument, persons who signed after it was
altered shall be liable for the items specified after the instrument was
altered. In cases where it cannot be determined whether the instrument was
endorsed before or after it was altered, it shall be treated as an instrument
which was endorsed before being altered.

    Article 15  Where an instrument has been lost, the person who has lost the
instrument may promptly notify the payer of the instrument to suspend payment,
except in cases where the payer is not specified in the instrument or when the
payer or his agent cannot be identified.

    The payer shall temporarily cancel payment when he receives notification
of the loss of the instrument.

    The person losing the instrument shall in accordance with the law apply
to the people's court for the publication of a public notice asserting his
claim or he can bring an action in the people's court within three days of
notifying the payee to suspend payment or after the loss of the instrument.

    Article 16  The procedure by which the bearer of the instrument exercises
his rights or preserves his rights against the debtor shall be carried out
in the business premises of the party concerned during business hours or
at their place of residence if no business premises exist.

    Article 17  Rights to an instrument shall cease to be valid if not
exercised within the following time limits:

    1. The rights of the bearer of the instrument over the issuer and the
acceptor of the instrument cease to be valid two years after the date of
maturity of the instrument. Bills or notes payable on sight become invalid
two years after the date of issue;

    2. The rights of the bearer of a cheque over the issuer cease to be valid
six months after the date of issue;

    3. The bearer's right of recourse over prior parties ceases to be valid
six months after the date of non-acceptance or non-payment;    

    4. The bearer's right of re-recourse over prior parties ceases to be
valid three months after the date of settlement or the commencement of a
lawsuit.

    The date of issue and the date of maturity of an instrument shall be set
in accordance with the law by the parties to the instrument.

    Article 18  A bearer who has lost his rights on instrument because of the
expiration of his rights or because the items recorded in the instrument are
not comprehensive may still enjoy civil rights, and may request that the payer
or the acceptor refunds the amount equivalent to that part of the instrument
not yet paid.
Chapter II  Bills of Exchange

    Section 1  Issue

    Article 19  A bill of exchange is an instrument signed by the issuer,
authorizing the payer to unconditionally pay a certain sum of money to the
payee or the bearer when the bill is presented or at a specified time.

    Bills can be classified into bankers' bills and commercial bills.

    Article 20  Issue refers to the act of the issuer signing and issuing
the instrument and delivering it to the payee.

    Article 21  The issuer of the bill must have an authentic relationship
with the payer authorizing payment and must possess reliable funds with which
to pay the sum in the bill.

    Bills without consideration shall not be signed or issued to defraud
money from banks or other parties of an instrument.

    Article 22  A bill must specify the following items:

    1. The word "bill";

    2. Authorization of unconditional payment;

    3. A fixed sum;

    4. The name of the payer;

    5. The name of the payee;

    6. The date of issue;

    7. The endorsement of the issuer.

    A bill shall be null and void if any of the above-mentioned items are not
specified therein.

    Article 23  The date of payment, place of payment and place of issue, if
specified on the bill, shall be legible and unambiguous.

    A bill is payable on sight if the date of payment is not specified.

    The place of payment, if not specified on a bill, shall be the business
premises, domicile or habitual residence of the payer.

    The place of issue, if not specified on a bill, shall be the business
premises, domicile or habitual residence of the issuer.

    Article 24  Items relating to the issue of a bill other than those
stipulated by this Law may be specified on a bill, but such items shall have
no effect on the validity of the bill.

    Article 25  The date of payment may be specified in either one of the
following forms:

    1. Payable on sight;

    2. Payable on a fixed date;

    3. Payable during a fixed period after the date of issue;

    4. Payable during a fixed period after the date of receipt.

    The date of payment as specified in the preceding paragraph shall be the
date of maturity of the bill.

    Article 26  The issuer who signs and issues the bill shall bear  
liability for its acceptance and payment.

    In the event of non-acceptance or non-payment of the bill, the bearer  
shall be reimbursed the sum and expenses as stipulated in Articles 70 and 71
of this Law.

    Section 2  Endorsement

    Article 27  The bearer may transfer his rights to the bill to other
persons or authorize other persons to exercise some of his rights to the bill.

    When the issuer writes the term "non-transferable" on the bill, then
it cannot be transferred.

    The bearer must endorse and hand over the bill when exercising his rights
as stipulated in the first paragraph of this article.

    Endorsement refers to the act of putting relevant items in writing and
endorsing the back of the bill or an allonge.

    Article 28  The person endorsing the bill may use an allonge and attach it
to the bill if there is not enough space in the bill for the items.

    The first person to write on the allonge shall endorse the conjuncture
of the bill and the allonge.

    Article 29  An endorsement shall be signed by the person making it and
the date of endorsement shall be specified.

    An undated endorsement shall be deemed to have been added to the bill
before its date of maturity.

    Article 30  The name of the person endorsing the bill must be specified
when the bill is endorsed so that the rights to the bill are transferred or
to authorize another person to exercise some of the rights to the bill.

    Article 31  There shall be an uninterrupted series of endorsement in a
bill which is transferred by means of endorsement. The bearer must prove his
rights to the bill by an uninterrupted series of endorsement; a person to
whom a bill is transferred by means other than endorsement or who acquires a
bill by other legal means shall provide evidence in accordance with the law
showing his rights to the bill.

    "An uninterrupted series of endorsement" as referred to in the preceding
paragraph denotes that, in the course of the transfer of an instrument, the
endorsement of the person endorsing the transfer of the bill shall be made by
the immediate prior endorsee to acquire the bill.

    Article 32  When the bill is transferred by means of endorsement, the
subsequent party shall be liable for the authenticity of the endorsement
made by the immediate prior party.

    "The subsequent party" denotes other debtors of an instrument who endorse
it after its endorsement by a specific party.

    Article 33  No conditions can be attached to endorsements. Any conditions
attached to endorsements shall have no effect on the bill.

    Any endorsements purporting to transfer a part of the amount payable,
or to transfer the bill to two or more people separately, shall be null and
void.

    Article 34  When the endorser writes the term "non-transferable" on the
bill and his subsequent party reendorses and transfers it, the original
endorser shall not bear any responsibility for any guarantees made to the
subsequent party's endorsee.

    Article 35  Where an endorsement contains the word "by procuration", the
endorsee shall be entitled to exercise mandated rights to the bill on the
endorser's behalf. However, the endorsee shall not transfer the rights to the
bill by means of re-endorsement.

    A bill may be pledged; when the bill is pledged, the endorsement shall
contain the term "value in pledge". The endorsee may exercise the rights to
the bill when realizing the right of pledge according to law.

    Article 36  A bill cannot be transferred by means of endorsement when
acceptance or payment has been refused or when the time limit for presentation
in order to receive payment has expired, if the bill has been endorsed and
transferred, the endorser shall bear liability for the bill.

    Article 37  After the bill has been endorsed and transferred, the endorser
shall be liable for guaranteeing the acceptance and payment of the bill held
by the subsequent party. In cases of non-acceptance or non-payment of the
bill, the endorser shall compensate the bearer with the sum and expenses as
stipulated in Articles 70 and 71 of this Law.

    Section 3  Acceptance

    Article 38  Acceptance denotes the act whereby payer of the bill promises
to pay the sum of money in the bill at its maturity.

    Article 39  Where a bill is payable on a fixed date or within a fixed
period after the date of issue, the bearer shall present the bill to the
payer for acceptance before the bill's date of maturity.

    Presenting the bill for acceptance denotes the act whereby the bearer
presents the bill to the payer and demands a promise of payment from the
payer.

    Article 40  Where a bill is payable during a fixed period after
presentation, the bearer shall present the bill to the payer for acceptance
within one month of the date of issue.

    Where a bill has not been presented for acceptance within the prescribed
period, the bearer shall lose the right of recourse against prior parties.

    Where a bill is payable on sight, it does not need to be presented for
acceptance.

    Article 41  The payer shall accept or refuse the bill within three days
of receiving the bill as presented for acceptance.

    On receiving of a bill presented for acceptance by the bearer, the payer
shall make out a receipt to the bearer. The receipt shall be signed and the
date on which the bill was presented shall be written thereon.

    Article 42  When accepting a bill, the payer shall write the word
"accepted" and the date of acceptance on the front of the bill and sign it;
after seeing a bill which is payable during a fixed period, the date of
payment shall be specified at the time of acceptance.

    Where the date of acceptance is not specified on the bill, it shall be
the last day of the period prescribed by the first paragraph of the preceding
article.

    Article 43  When accepting a bill, the payer shall accept it
unconditionally; if conditions have been added, this is deemed to be a
refusal.

    Article 44  When the payer has accepted the bill, he shall bear the
liability of paying it at maturity.

    Section 4  Guaranty

    Article 45  The responsibility of guaranteeing the payment of a bill shall
be borne by the guarantor.

    The guarantor shall be someone other than the debtor of the bill.

    Article 46  The guarantor must specify the following items on the bill
itself or on an allonge:

    1. The word "guaranteed";

    2. The name and address of the guarantor;

    3. The name of the person to whom the guaranty is given;

    4. The date of guaranty;

    5. The endorsement of the guarantor.

    Article 47  When the guarantor has not specified Item 3 of the preceding
article on the bill itself or on an allonge, in cases where the bill has
already been accepted, the person who accepted the bill is he to whom the
guaranty is given; in cases where the bill has not yet been accepted, the
guaranty is given to the issuer.

    When the guarantor has not specified Item 4 of the preceding article on
the bill itself or on an allonge, the date of guaranty shall be the date of
issue.

    Article 48  No conditions can be attached to the guaranty; if there
should be any conditions attached, these will not affect the liability of
guaranty on the bill.

    Article 49  The guarantor shall be responsible for guaranteeing the
bearers' rights to the bill when the bearer has acquired the bill
legitimately. This is with the exception of cases when the debt of the person
receiving the guaranty is invalid because of the absence of certain items
from the bill.

    Article 50  Where a bill is guaranteed, the guarantor and the person to
whom the guaranty is given shall undertake joint liability to the bearer. In
cases where the guaranteed bill has not been paid at its maturity, the bearer
is entitled to demand payment from the guarantor, who shall pay the bill in
full.

    Article 51  In cases where there are two or more guarantors, they shall
undertake joint liability.

    Article 52  After the guarantor has paid the debt as stipulated in the
bill, the guarantor may exercise his right of recourse as enjoyed by the
bearer against the person to whom the guaranty is given and his prior parties.

    Section 5  Payment

    Article 53  The bearer shall present the bill for payment within the
following time limits:

    1. A bill payable on sight should be presented to the payer within one
month of the date of issue;

    2. A bill payable on a fixed date, within a fixed period after the date
of issue or within a fixed period after being seen shall be presented for
acceptance within 10 days of the date of maturity.

    In cases where the bearer has not presented the bill for payment within
the prescribed period as stipulated in the preceding paragraph, the person
accepting the bill or the payer shall remain liable for the payment of the
bill after the bearer has explained the situation.

    Presentation for payment made to the payer by an authorized bank or
clearing system for instruments shall be deemed as presentation by the bearer.

    Article 54  The payer must pay the bill in full on the day when the
bearer presents the bill for payment in accordance with the provisions of the
preceding article.

    Article 55  The bearer shall sign the bill and give it to the payer after
receiving payment. In cases where the bearer authorizes a bank to receive
payment on his behalf, the bill may be deemed as having been signed for when
the authorized bank has credited the collected sum to the bearer's account.

    Article 56  The bank authorized by the bearer to receive payment shall be
liable only for crediting the sum on the bill to the bearer's account
according to the items specified in the bill.

    The bank authorized by the payer to make payment shall be liable only
for paying the sum on the bill from the payer's account according to the
items specified in the bill.

    Article 57  When paying a bill, the payer or his agent shall check the
continuity of the series of endorsement, as well as checking the legitimacy
of the identification of the person presenting the bill, or the validity of
that person's certificates.

    In cases where the payer or his agent make a payment out of malice or
with gross negligence, they alone shall bear liability.

    Article 58  In cases where the payer pays a bill before maturity which is
payable on a fixed day or on sight within a fixed period, he alone shall bear
liability.

    Article 59  When the sum on a bill is expressed in a foreign currency,
the sum payable shall be paid in Renminbi according to the market rate of
exchange on the day of payment.

    Where parties to a bill have stipulated the currency in which the bill is
to be paid, the latter agreement shall be followed.

    Article 60  Once the payer pays the bill in full, all debtors shall be
discharged from liability.

    Section 6  Right of Recourse

    Article 61  When the payment of a bill has been refused at its date of
maturity, the bearer may exercise the right of recourse against the endorsers,
the issuer and other debtors of the bill.

    Before the maturity of a bill, the bearer may also exercise the right of
recourse under any of the following circumstances:

    1. In cases when the payment of the bill has been refused;

    2. In cases when the acceptor or the payer dies or flees;

    3. In cases when the acceptor or the payer has been declared bankrupt
according to the law or has been ordered to cease business activities due to
their violations of the law.

    Article 62  When exercising the right of recourse, the bearer shall be
able to provide proof that acceptance or payment was refused.

    In cases when the bearer's presentation of the bill for acceptance or
payment has been refused, the acceptor or the payer must provide proof of
their refusal or a statement noting their reasons for non-payment or
non-acceptance. Otherwise, the acceptor or the payer shall bear the civil
liabilities arising therefrom.

    Article 63  In cases when the bearer is unable to obtain proof of refusal
to accept or pay the bill because of the death or flight of the acceptor or
payer or other causes, the bearer may procure other relevant proof according
to the law.

    Article 64  In cases when the acceptor or the payer has been declared
legally bankrupt by the people's court, relevant judicial documents from the
people's court shall be valid as proof of refusal to accept or pay the bill.

    In cases when the acceptor or the payer has been ordered to cease business
activities because of his violations of the law, the punitive decision of the
relevant administrative authorities shall be valid as proof of refusal to
accept or pay the bill.

    Article 65  When the bearer cannot provide proof of refusal to accept or
pay the bill or a statement noting reasons for non-payment or any other lawful
proof within the prescribed period, he shall lose the right of recourse
against his prior parties. However, the acceptor or the payer shall still
remain liable to the bearer.

    Article 66  The bearer shall give written notice of the refusal to accept
or pay to his prior party within three days of receiving relevant
certification denoting non-acceptance or non-payment; the prior party shall
notify his prior party of the notice he has received within three days of
receiving the notice. The bearer may also provide written notice to all
debtors of the bill at the same time.

    In cases when the bearer has failed to provide written notice in
accordance with the time specifications noted in the preceding paragraph,
the bearer may still exercise his right of recourse. Any party who fails
to give notice within the prescribed period shall be liable to compensate
his prior parties or the issuer for the losses caused by his delayed notice,
but the sum of the damages shall not exceed the sum of the bill.

    If the notice has been posted to the legal address or to an agreed address
within the prescribed period, then the notice is deemed to have been issued.

    Article 67  The written notice, made out according to the first paragraph
of the preceding article, shall specify the main items written on the bill and
shall clarify the fact that the said bill has been returned.

    Article 68  The issuer, endorser, acceptor and guarantor of a bill are
jointly liable to the bearer.

    The bearer may exercise the right of recourse against any one or all of
the persons mentioned in the preceding paragraph without being required to
observe the order in which the debtors have become bound.

    The bearer who has exercised the right of recourse against one or more of
the debtors of the bill, may still exercise these rights against the other
debtors. When a person who is being pressed for payment compensates the debt,
they shall enjoy the same rights as the bearer.

    Article 69  In cases when the bearer is the issuer, he shall have no right
of recourse against the bearer's prior parties. In cases when the bearer is
the endorser, he shall have no right of recourse against the endorser's
subsequent parties.

    Article 70  When exercising the right of recourse, the bearer may recover
the following expenses from the person against whom he is exercising the
right of recourse:

    1. The amount of the unpaid bill;

    2. Interest on this sum at the rate stipulated by the People's Bank of
China from the date of maturity of the bill or the date upon which it was
presented for payment to the date of payment;

    3. The expenses for the relevant proof of non-payment or non-acceptance
and the expenses incurred by issuing notices.

    When the person against whom the right of recourse is exercised has
settled the debt, the bearer shall hand over the bill and the relevant proof
of non-payment or non-acceptance, as well as a receipt detailing the expenses
and interest received.

    Article 71  When the person against whom the right of recourse is
exercised has settled the debt in accordance with the provisions of the
preceding article, he may exercise the right of re-recourse against the other
debtors and recover the following expenses;

    1. The entire sum paid;

    2. Interest on the said sum at the rate prescribed by the People's Bank
of China from the day when the payment was made to the day of reimbursement;

    3. The expenses incurred by issuing notices.

    When the person exercising the right of re-recourse has been reimbursed,
he shall hand over the bill and the relevant proof of non-payment or
non-acceptance as well as a receipt detailing the expenses and interest
received.

    Article 72  When a person against whom the right of recourse is being
exercised has settled the debt according to the stipulations of the two
preceding articles, he shall be discharged from any liabilities.
Chapter III  Promissory Notes

    Article 73  A promissory note is an instrument issued and signed by the
issuer promising to unconditionally pay the payee or bearer a set sum of money
when the note is presented.

    A promissory note as referred to in this Law denotes a banker's promissory
note.

    Article 74  The issuer of a note must possess reliable financial sources
to pay the sum of money in the note and to guarantee payment.

    Article 75  The credentials of the note's issuer shall be examined and
approved by the People's Bank of China, who shall also stipulate specific
administrative measures therefor.

    Article 76  A note must specify the following items:

    1. The word "promissory note";

    2. A promise of unconditional payment;

    3. A set sum;

    4. The name of the payee;

    5. The date of issue;

    6. The endorsement of the issuer.

    A note shall be null and void if any one of the above-mentioned items
is not specified therein.

    Article 77  The place of payment and place of issue, if specified on the
note, shall be legible and unambiguous.

    The place of payment, if not specified on the note, shall be the business
premises of the issuer.

    The place of issue, if not specified on the note, shall be the business
premises of the issuer.

    Article 78  The issuer of a note must bear liability for payment when the
bearer presents the note.

    Article 79  The time limit for the payment of a note shall not exceed two
months from the date of issue.

    Article 80  In cases when the bearer of a note fails to present the note
for payment within the prescribed period, he shall lose the right of recourse
against prior parties other than the issuer.

    Article 81  In addition to the provisions of this chapter, the provisions
of Chapter II of this Law pertaining to bills apply to the endorsement,
guaranty and payment of notes and the exercise of the right of recourse.

    In addition to the provisions of this chapter, the provisions of
Article 24 of this Law pertaining to bills apply to the act of issuing notes.
Chapter IV  Cheques

    Article 82  A cheque is an instrument issued and signed by the issuer
authorizing any bank or any other financial institution whose scope of
business involves depositing cheques to unconditionally pay a certain sum of
money to the payee or to the bearer at sight.

    Article 83  When opening an account in which cheques can be deposited with
a bank, the applicant must use his real name and must submit legitimate
certification to prove his identity.

    When opening an account in which cheques can be deposited with a bank and
asking for a cheque book, the applicant must enjoy financial credibility and
must deposit a certain amount of funds therein.

    When opening an account in which cheques can be deposited with a bank,
the applicant shall leave a specimen signature of his real name and a specimen
seal therein.

    Article 84  Cheques may be payable in cash or payable into an account. If
a cheque is payable only into an account, this shall be specified on the face
of the cheque.

    A form of cash cheque may be specially designed and made for cheques
payable in cash and a cash cheque can only be used for payment in cash.

    A form of crossed cheque may be specially designed and made for cheques
payable into an account and a crossed cheque can not be used for payment in
cash but only for settlement into an account.

    Article 85  A cheque must specify the following items;

    1. The word "cheque";

    2. Authorization of unconditional payment;

    3. A certain sum;

    4. The name of the payer;

    5. The date of issue;

    6. The signature of the issuer.

    A cheque shall be null and void if any one of the above mentioned items
is not specified therein.

    Article 86  The sum on the cheque may be added to with the authorization
of the issuer if the said sum is incomplete. Cheques which are incomplete
cannot be used.  

    Article 87  The name of the payee, if not specified on the cheque, may be
completed with the authorization of the issuer.

    The place of payment, if not specified on the cheque, shall be the
business premises of the payer.

    The place of issue, if not specified on the cheque, shall be the business
premises, residence or the habitual residence of the issuer.

    The issuer may specify himself on the cheque as the payee.

    Article 88  The sum specified on a cheque by the issuer shall not exceed
the issuer's balance in the bank paying for the cheque at the time of payment.

    Where the sum specified in a cheque exceeds the issuer's balance in the  
bank paying for the cheque at the time of payment, the cheque will bounce. It
is prohibited to issue cheques that will bounce.

    Article 89  The issuer shall not sign and issue cheques upon which his
signature is not the same as his specimen signature or specimen seal.

    Article 90  The issuer must bear the liability of guaranteeing payment
of the sum specified on the cheque to the bearer.

    Where the issuer's balance in the bank paying for the cheque is sufficient
to pay the sum of the cheque, the issuer shall pay the full sum on that day.

    Article 91  A cheque is payable at sight and does not need to specify the
date of payment. A specification of the date of payment shall be invalid.

    Article 92  The bearer shall present the cheque for payment within ten
days of the date of issue. The time limit within which cheques may be
presented for payment in places other than the place of issue shall be
stipulated by the People's Bank of China.

    After the stipulated time limit has expired, the payer need not pay the
cheque; in cases where the payer has not paid, the issuer shall still bear
liability for the instrument to the bearer.

    Article 93  The payer who has paid the sum of the cheque according to the
law shall no longer bear liability to the issuer as the authorized payer, nor
liability for payment to the bearer.  However, the exception is in cases when
the payment is made by the payer through malice or with gross negligence.

    Article 94  In addition to the provisions of this chapter, the provisions
of Chapter II of this Law pertaining to bills apply to the endorsement and
payment of cheques and the exercise of the right of recourse.

    In addition to the provisions of this chapter, the provisions of Articles
24 and 26 of this Law shall apply to the issuance of cheques.
Chapter V  The Applicable Laws Pertaining Negotiable Instruments in Cases
Involving Foreign Elements

    Article 95  The applicable laws pertaining negotiable instruments in cases
involving foreign elements shall be determined according to the provisions of
this chapter.

    Instruments in cases involving foreign elements as referred to in the
preceding paragraph denotes instruments for whom one or more act of the issue,
endorsement, acceptance, guaranty or payment takes place outside the People's
Republic of China, while the rest take place within the territory of the
People's Republic of China.

    Article 96  If any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the
People's Republic of China contains provisions differing from those of this
Law, the provisions of the international treaty shall apply, unless the
provisions are ones on which the People's Republic of China has announced
reservations.

    International practices may be applied to matters for which neither this
Law nor any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People's
Republic of China has any provisions.

    Article 97  As regards the capacity for civil conduct of a debtor of an
instrument, the law of his own country shall be applicable.

    In the event that a debtor of an instrument shall be regarded as a person
with no capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct
according to the law of his own country, while he shall be regarded as a
person with full capacity for civil conduct according to the law of the place
where the action is being carried out, the latter law shall be applicable.

    Article 98  Items required to be specified in the issue of bills or
notes shall be bound by the law of the place of issue.

    Items required to be specified in the issue of cheques shall be bound by
the law of the place of issue. However, parties to a cheque may reach an
agreement by which the law of the place of payment shall be applied.

    Article 99  The endorsement, acceptance, payment and guaranty of an
instrument shall be bound by the law of the place where the said action is
being carried out.

    Article 100  The time limits within which the rights of recourse can be
exercised on an instrument shall be bound by the law of the place of issue of
that instrument.

    Article 101  The time limits within which the instrument should be
presented, the way in which proof of refusal to accept or to pay is drawn up
and the time limits for drawing up the proof of refusal to accept or to pay
shall be bound by the law of the place of payment.

    Article 102  In cases when an instrument is lost, the procedure by which
the person who has lost the instrument applies to preserve their rights to the
instrument shall be bound by the law of the place of payment.
Chapter VI  Legal Responsibility

    Article 103  Whosoever commits any of the following acts shall be
investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the law:

    1. The forgery or alteration of an instrument;

    2. The intentional use of a forged or altered instrument;

    3. The signing and issue of a cheque which will bounce or the
intentional signing and issue of a cheque whereon the signature or seal is
not the same as the specimen signature or seal in order to obtain property by
fraudulence;

    4. The signing and issue of a bill or note where no reliable financial
sources exist in order to obtain funds by fraudulence;

    5. The false specification of items on a bill or a note by the issuer at
the time of issue in order to obtain property by fraudulence;

    6. The fraudulent use of instruments belonging to other people or the
intentional use of instruments which are overdue or have been cancelled in
order to obtain property by fraudulence;

    7. The malicious collusion of the payer and the issuer or the payer and
the bearer to commit any of the preceding acts.

    Article 104  Whoever commits any of the acts mentioned in the preceding
article, when it is of minor importance and does not constitute a crime,
shall be punished by the imposition of administrative penalties according to
the relevant provisions of state law.

    Article 105  Any staff member of a financial institution who neglects
his duties and accepts, pays or guarantees an instrument which does not
conform to the provisions of this Law, shall be punished; if this act causes
substantial losses and constitutes a crime, he shall be investigated according
to the law for criminal responsibility.

    If damage has been inflicted on parties to an instrument due to staff
members of financial institutions behaving in the manner described in the
preceding paragraph, the said institution and the person directly responsible
shall bear liability for compensation according to the law.

    Article 106  If a payer intentionally delays paying an instrument which is
payable on sight or an instrument which has reached maturity, the financial
administration department shall fine the payer and punish any personnel
directly responsible.

    If the payer's intentional delay in payment causes losses to the bearer,
then the payer shall bear liability for compensation according to the law.

    Article 107  Those who commit other acts violating the provisions of this
Law than those for which one shall bear liability for compensation according
to the provisions of this Law, and so cause losses to other persons, shall
bear civil liability according to the law.
Chapter VII  Supplementary Provisions

    Article 108  The calculation of all time limits stipulated by this Law
shall be bound by the relevant provisions of the General Principles of Civil
Law on the calculation of time limits.

    When a time limit is prescribed in months, it expires on the corresponding
day of the month in which the instrument reaches maturity; if there is no such
day, the time limit expires on the last day of the month.

    Article 109  The form taken by bills, notes and cheques shall be
standardised.

    Administrative measures for the form and printing of instruments and
relevant documents shall be stipulated by the People's Bank of China.

    Article 110  The specific measures taken for implementing the
administration of instruments shall be formulated by the People's Bank of
China in accordance with this Law, which shall go into effect after being
submitted to and approved by the State Council.

    Article 111  This Law shall come into force as of January 1, 1996.



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