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| Category | LITIGATION | Organ of Promulgation | The National People's Congress | Status of Effect | In Force |
| Date of Promulgation | 1989-04-04 | Effective Date | 1990-10-01 |
|
Administrative Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China |
|---|
Chapter I General Provisions
Chapter II Scope of Accepting Cases
Chapter III Jurisdiction
Chapter IV Participants in Proceedings
Chapter V Evidence
Chapter VI Bringing a Suit and Accepting a Case
Chapter VII Trial and Judgment
Chapter VIII Execution
Chapter IX Liability for Compensation for Infringement of Rights
Chapter X Administrative Procedure Involving Foreign Interest
Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions Article 1 Pursuant to the Constitution, this Law is enacted for the Article 2 If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization Article 3 The people's courts shall, in accordance with the law, exercise The people's courts shall set up administrative divisions for the handling Article 4 In conducting administrative proceedings, the people's courts Article 5 In handling administrative cases, the people's courts shall Article 6 In handling administrative cases, the people's courts shall, as Article 7 Parties to an administrative suit shall have equal legal Article 8 Citizens of all nationalities shall have the right to use their In an area where people of a minority nationality live in concentrated The people's courts shall provide interpretation for participants in Article 9 Parties to an administrative suit shall have the right to Article 10 The people's procuratorates shall have the right to exercise Article 11 The people's courts shall accept suits brought by citizens, (1) an administrative sanction, such as detention, fine, rescission of a (2) a compulsory administrative measure, such as restricting freedom of (3) infringement upon one's managerial decision-making powers, which is (4) refusal by an administrative organ to issue a permit or license, which (5) refusal by an administrative organ to perform its statutory duty of (6) cases where an administrative organ is considered to have failed to (7) cases where an administrative organ is considered to have illegally (8) cases where an administrative organ is considered to have infringed Apart from the provisions set forth in the preceding paragraphs, the Article 12 The people's courts shall not accept suits brought by (1) acts of the state in areas like national defence and foreign affairs; (2) administrative rules and regulations, regulations, or decisions and (3) decisions of an administrative organ on awards or punishments for its (4) specific administrative acts that shall, as provided for by law, be Article 13 The basic people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of Article 14 The intermediate people's courts shall have jurisdiction as (1) cases of confirming patent rights of invention and cases handled by (2) suits against specific administrative acts undertaken by departments (3) grave and complicated cases in areas under their jurisdiction. Article 15 The higher people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts Article 16 The Supreme People's Court shall have jurisdiction as a court Article 17 An administrative case shall be under the jurisdiction of the Article 18 A suit against compulsory administrative measures restricting Article 19 An administrative suit regarding a real property shall be Article 20 When two or more people's courts have jurisdiction over a Article 21 If a people's court finds that a case it has accepted is not Article 22 If a people's court which has jurisdiction over a case is If a dispute arises over jurisdiction between people's courts, it shall be Article 23 People's courts at higher levels shall have the authority to If a people's court deems it necessary for an administrative case of first Article 24 A citizen, a legal person or any other organization that If a citizen who has the right to bring a suit is deceased, his near If a legal person or any other organization that has the right to bring a Article 25 If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization, brings For a reconsidered case, if the organ that conducted the reconsideration If two or more administrative organs have undertaken the same specific If a specific administrative act has been undertaken by an organization If a specific administrative act has been undertaken by an organization as If an administrative organ has been abolished, the administrative organ Article 26 A joint suit shall be constituted when one party or both Article 27 If any other citizen, legal person or any other organization Article 28 Any citizen with no capacity to take part in litigation shall Article 29 Each party or legal representative may entrust one or two A lawyer, a public organization, a near relative of the citizen bringing Article 30 A lawyer who serves as an agent ad litem may consult materials With the approval of the people's court, parties and other agents ad litem Article 31 Evidence shall be classified as follows: (1) documentary evidence; (2) material evidence; (3) audio-visual material; (4) testimony of witnesses; (5) statements of the parties; (6) expert conclusions; and (7) records of inquests and records made on the scene. Any of the above-mentioned evidence must be verified by the court before Article 32 The defendant shall have the burden of proof for the specific Article 33 In the course of legal proceedings, the defendant shall not by Article 34 A people's court shall have the authority to request the A people's court shall have the authority to obtain evidence from the Article 35 In the course of legal proceedings, when a people's court Article 36 Under circumstances where there is a likelihood that evidence Article 37 A citizen, a legal person or any other organization may, In circumstances where, in accordance with relevant provisions of laws or Article 38 If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization applies If the administrative organ conducting the reconsideration fails to make a Article 39 If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization brings Article 40 If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization fails Article 41 The following requirements shall be met when a suit is brought: (1) the plaintiff must be a citizen, a legal person or any other (2) there must be a specific defendant or defendants; (3) there must be a specific claim and a corresponding factual basis for (4) the suit must fall within the scope of cases acceptable to the Article 42 When a people's court receives a bill of complaint, it shall, Article 43 A people's court shall send a copy of the bill of complaint to Failure by the defendant to file a bill of defence shall not prevent the Article 44 During the time of legal proceedings, execution of the (1) where suspension is deemed necessary by the defendant; (2) where suspension of execution is ordered by the people's court at the (3) where suspension of execution is required by the provisions of laws or Article 45 Administrative cases in the people's courts shall be tried in Article 46 Administrative cases in the people's courts shall be tried by Article 47 If a party considers a member of the judicial personnel to If a member of the judicial personnel considers himself to have an The provisions of the two preceding paragraphs shall apply to court The withdrawal of the president of the court as the chief judge shall be Article 48 If the plaintiff refuses to appear in court without justified Article 49 If a participant in the proceedings or any other person (1) evading without reason, refusing to assist in or obstructing the (2) forging, concealing or destroying evidence; (3) instigating, suborning or threatening others to commit perjury or (4) concealing, transferring, selling or destroying the property that has (5) using violence, threats or other means to hinder the personnel of a (6) insulting, slandering, framing, beating or retaliating against the A fine or detention must be approved by the president of a people's court. Article 50 A people's court shall not apply conciliation in handling an Article 51 Before a people's court announces its judgment or order on an Article 52 In handling administrative cases, the people's courts shall In handling administrative cases of a national autonomous area, the Article 53 In handling administrative cases, the people's courts shall If a people's court considers regulations formulated and announced by a Article 54 After hearing a case, a people's court shall make the (1) If the evidence for undertaking a specific administrative act is (2) If a specific administrative act has been undertaken in one of the a. inadequacy of essential evidence; b. erroneous application of the law or regulations; c. violation of legal procedure; d. exceeding authority; or e. abuse of powers. (3) If a defendant fails to perform or delays the performance of his (4) If an administrative sanction is obviously unfair, it may be amended Article 55 A defendant who has been judged by a people's court to Article 56 In handling administrative cases, if a people's court Article 57 A people's court shall pass a judgment of first instance Article 58 If a party refuses to accept a judgment of first instance by a Article 59 A people's court may handle an appealed case by examining the Article 60 In handling an appealed case, a people's court shall make a Article 61 A people's court shall handle an appealed case respectively (1) if the facts are clearly ascertained and the law and regulations are (2) if the facts are clearly ascertained but the law and regulations are (3) if the facts are not clearly ascertained in the original judgment or Article 62 If a party considers that a legally effective judgment or Article 63 If the president of a people's court finds a violation of If a people's court at a higher level finds a violation of provisions of Article 64 If the people's procuratorate finds a violation of provisions Article 65 The parties must perform the legally effective judgment or If an administrative organ refuses to perform the judgment or order, the (1) informing the bank to transfer from the administrative organ's account (2) imposing a fine of 50 to 100 yuan per day on an administrative organ (3) putting forward a judicial proposal to the administrative organ (4) if an administrative organ refuses to execute a judgment or order, and Article 66 If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization, during Article 67 A citizen, a legal person or any other organization who If a citizen, a legal person or any other organization makes an Article 68 If a specific administrative act undertaken by an After paying the compensation, the administrative organ shall instruct Article 69 The cost of compensation shall be included as an expenditure Article 70 This Law shall be applicable to foreign nationals, stateless Article 71 Foreign nationals, stateless persons and foreign organizations Should the courts of a foreign country impose restrictions on the Article 72 If an international treaty concluded or acceded to by the Article 73 When foreign nationals, stateless persons and foreign Article 74 A people's court shall charge litigation fees for handling Article 75 This Law shall come into force as of October 1, 1990.
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Chapter I General Provisions
purpose of ensuring the correct and prompt handling of administrative cases
by the people's courts, protecting the lawful rights and interests of
citizens, legal persons and other organizations, and safeguarding and
supervising the exercise of administrative powers by administrative organs in
accordance with the law.
considers that his or its lawful rights and interests have been infringed upon
by a specific administrative act of an administrative organ or its personnel,
he or it shall have the right to bring a suit before a people's court in
accordance with this Law.
judicial power independently with respect to administrative cases, and shall
not be subject to interference by any administrative organ, public
organization or individual.
of administrative cases.
shall base themselves on facts and take the law as the criterion.
examine the legality of specific administrative acts.
prescribed by law, apply the systems of collegial panel, withdrawal of
judicial personnel and public trial and a system whereby the second instance
is the final instance.
positions.
native spoken and written languages in administrative proceedings.
communities or where a number of nationalities live together, the people's
courts shall conduct adjudication and issue legal documents in the language or
languages commonly used by the local nationalities.
proceedings who do not understand the language or languages commonly used by
the local nationalities.
debate.
legal supervision over administrative proceedings.
Chapter II Scope of Accepting Cases
legal persons or other organizations against any of the following specific
administrative acts:
license or permit, order to suspend production or business or confiscation of
property, which one refuses to accept;
the person or the sealing up, seizing or freezing of property, which one
refuses to accept;
considered to have been perpetrated by an administrative organ;
one considers oneself legally qualified to apply for, or its failure to
respond to the application;
protecting one's rights of the person and of property, as one has applied for,
or its failure to respond to the application;
issue a pension according to law;
demanded the performance of duties; and
upon other rights of the person and of property.
people's courts shall accept other administrative suits which may be brought
in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and regulations.
citizens, legal persons or other organizations against any of the following
matters:
orders with general binding force formulated and announced by administrative
organs;
personnel or on the appointment or relief of duties of its personnel; and
finally decided by an administrative organ.
Chapter III Jurisdiction
first instance over administrative cases.
courts of first instance over the following administrative cases:
the Customs;
under the State Council or by the people's governments of provinces,
autonomous regions or municipalities directly under the Central Government;
and
of first instance over grave and complicated administrative cases in areas
under their jurisdiction.
of first instance over grave and complicated administrative cases in the whole
country.
people's court in the locality of the administrative organ that initially
undertook the specific administrative act. A reconsidered case in which the
organ conducting the reconsideration has amended the original specific
administrative act may also be placed under the jurisdiction of the people's
court in the locality of the administrative organ conducting the
reconsideration.
freedom of the person shall be under the jurisdiction of a people's court in
the place where the defendant or the plaintiff is located.
under the jurisdiction of the people's court in the place where the real
property is located.
suit, the plaintiff may have the option to bring the suit in one of these
people's courts. If the plaintiff brings the suit in two or more people's
courts that have jurisdiction over the suit, the people's court that first
receives the bill of complaint shall have jurisdiction.
under its jurisdiction, it shall transfer the case to the people's court that
does have jurisdiction over the case. The people's court to which the case has
been transferred shall not on its own initiative transfer it to another
people's court.
unable to exercise its jurisdiction for special reasons, a people's court at a
higher level shall designate another court to exercise the jurisdiction.
resolved by the parties to the dispute through consultation. If the dispute
cannot be resolved through consultation, it shall be reported to a people's
court superior to the courts in dispute for the designation of jurisdiction.
adjudicate administrative cases over which people's courts at lower levels
have jurisdiction as courts of first instance; they may also transfer
administrative cases over which they themselves have jurisdiction as courts of
first instance to people's courts at lower levels for trial.
instance under its jurisdiction to be adjudicated by a people's court at a
higher level, it may report to such a people's court for decision.
Chapter IV Participants in Proceedings
brings a suit in accordance with this Law shall be a plaintiff.
relatives may bring the suit.
suit terminates, the legal person or any other organization that succeeds to
its rights may bring the suit.
a suit directly before a people's court, the administrative organ that
undertook the specific administrative act shall be the defendant.
sustains the original specific administrative act, the administrative organ
that initially undertook the act shall be the defendant; if the organ that
conducted the reconsideration has amended the original specific administrative
act, the administrative organ which conducted the reconsideration shall be the
defendant.
administrative act, the administrative organs that have jointly undertaken the
act shall be the joint defendants.
authorized to undertake the act by the law or regulations, the organization
shall be the defendant.
entrusted by an administrative organ, the entrusting organ shall be the
defendant.
that carries on the exercise of functions and powers of the abolished organ
shall be the defendant.
parties consist of two or more persons and the administrative cases are
against the same specific administrative act or against the specific
administrative acts of the same nature and the people's court considers that
the cases can be handled together.
has interests in a specific administrative act under litigation, he or it may,
as a third party, file a request to participate in the proceedings or may
participate in them when so notified by the people's court.
have one or more legal representatives who will act on his behalf in a suit.
If the legal representatives try to shift their responsibilities onto each
other, the people's court may appoint one of them as the representative of the
principal in litigation.
persons to represent him in litigation.
the suit, or a person recommended by the unit to which the citizen bringing
the suit belongs or any other citizen approved by the people's court may be
entrusted as an agent ad litem.
pertaining to the case in accordance with relevant provisions, and may also
investigate among and collect evidence from the organizations and citizens
concerned. If the information involves state secrets or the private affairs of
individuals, he shall keep it confidential in accordance with relevant
provisions of the law.
may consult the materials relating to the court proceedings of the case,
except those that involve state secrets or the private affairs of individuals.
Chapter V Evidence
it can be taken as a basis for ascertaining a fact.
administrative act he has undertaken and shall provide the evidence and
regulatory documents in accordance with which the act has been undertaken.
himself collect evidence from the plaintiff and witnesses.
parties to provide or supplement evidence.
relevant administrative organs, other organizations or citizens.
considers that an expert evaluation for a specialized problem is necessary,
the expert evaluation shall be made by an expert evaluation department as
specified by law. In the absence of such a department, the people's court
shall designate one to conduct the expert evaluation.
may be destroyed or lost or difficult to obtain later on, the participants
in proceedings may apply to the people's court for the evidence to be
preserved. The people's court may also on its own initiative take measures to
preserve such evidence.
Chapter Vl Bringing a Suit and Accepting a Case
within the scope of cases acceptable to the people's courts, apply to an
administrative organ at the next higher level or to an administrative organ as
prescribed by the law or regulations for reconsideration, anyone who refuses
to accept the reconsideration decision may bring a suit before a people's
court; a citizen, a legal person or any other organization may also bring a
suit directly before a people's court.
regulations, a citizen, a legal person or any other organization shall first
apply to an administrative organ for reconsideration and then bring a suit
before a people's court, if he or it refuses to accept the reconsideration
decision, the provisions of the laws or regulations shall apply.
to an administrative organ for reconsideration, the organ shall make a
decision within two months from the day of the receipt of the application,
except as otherwise provided for by law or regulations. Anyone who refuses to
accept the reconsideration decision may bring a suit before a people's court
within 15 days from the day of the receipt of the reconsideration decision.
decision on the expiration of the time limit, the applicant may bring a suit
before a people's court within 15 days after the time limit for
reconsideration expires, except as otherwise provided for by law.
a suit directly before a people's court, he or it shall do so within three
months from the day when he or it knows that a specific administrative act has
been undertaken, except as otherwise provided for by law.
to observe the time limit prescribed by law due to force majeure or other
special reasons, he or it may apply for an extention of the time limit within
ten days after the obstacle is removed; the requested extention shall be
decided by a people's court.
organization that considers a specific administrative act to have infringed
upon his or its lawful rights and interests;
the suit; and
people's courts and the specific jurisdiction of the people's court where it
is filed.
upon examination, file a case within seven days or decide to reject the
complaint. If the plaintiff refuses to accept the decision, he may appeal to a
people's court.
Chapter VII Trial and Judgment
the defendant within five days of filing the case. The defendant shall provide
the people's court with the documents on the basis of which a specific
administrative act has been undertaken and file a bill of defence within ten
days of receiving the copy of the bill of complaint. The people's court shall
send a copy of the bill of defence to the plaintiff within five days of
receiving it.
case from being tried by the people's court.
specific administrative act shall not be suspended. Execution of the specific
administrative act shall be suspended under one of the following circumstances:
request of the plaintiff because, in the view of the people's court, execution
of the specific administrative act will cause irremediable losses and
suspension of the execution will not harm public interests; or
regulations.
public, except for those that involve state secrets or the private affairs of
individuals or are otherwise provided for by law.
a collegial panel of judges or of judges and assessors. The number of members
of a collegial panel shall be an odd number of three or more.
have an interest in the case or to be otherwise related to it, which may
affect the impartial handling of thc case, the party shall have the right to
demand his withdrawal.
interest in the case or to be otherwise related to it, he shall apply for
withdrawal.
clerks, interpreters, expert witnesses and persons who conduct inquests.
decided by the court's adjudication committee; the withdrawal of a member of
the judicial personnel shall be decided by the president of the court; the
withdrawal of other personnel shall be decided by the chief judge. Parties who
refuse to accept the decision may apply for reconsideration.
reasons after being twice legally summoned by the people's court, the court
shall consider this an application for the withdrawal of the suit; if the
defendant refuses to appear in court without justified reasons, the court may
make a judgment by default.
commits any of the following acts, the people's court may, according to the
seriousness of his offence, reprimand him, order him to sign a statement of
repentance or impose upon him a fine of not more than 1,000 yuan or detain him
for not longer than 15 days; if a crime is constituted, his criminal
responsibility shall be investigated:
execution of the notice of a people's court for assistance in its execution by
person who has the duty to render assistance;
hindering witnesses from giving testimony;
been sealed up, seized or frozen;
people's court from performing their duties or disturbing the order of the
work of a people's court; or
personnel of a people's court, participants in proceedings or personnel who
assist in the execution of duties;
Parties who refuse to accept the punishment decision may apply for
reconsideration.
administrative case.
administrative case, if the plaintiff applies for the withdrawal of the suit,
or if the defendant amends its specific administrative act and, as a result,
the plaintiff agrees and applies for the withdrawal of the suit, the people's
court shall decide whether or not to grant the approval.
take the law, administrative rules and regulations and local regulations as
the criteria. Local regulations shall be applicable to administrative cases
within the corresponding administrative areas.
people's courts shall also take the regulations on autonomy and separate
regulations of the national autonomous area as the criteria.
take, as references, regulations formulated and announced by ministries or
commissions under the State Council in accordance with the law and
administrative rules and regulations, decisions or orders of the State Council
and regulations formulated and announced, in accordance with the law and
administrative rules and regulations of the State Council, by the people's
governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under
the Central Government, of the cities where the people's governments of
provinces and autonomous regions are located, and of the larger cities
approved as such by the State Council.
local people's government to be inconsistent with regulations formulated and
announced by a ministry or commission under the State Council, or if it
considers regulations formulated and announced by ministries or commissions
under the State Council to be inconsistent with each other, the Supreme
People's Court shall refer the matter to the State Council for interpretation
or ruling.
following judgments according to the varying conditions:
conclusive, the application of the law and regulations to the act is correct,
and the legal procedure is complied with, the specific administrative act
shall be sustained by judgment.
following circumstances, the act shall be annulled or partially annulled by
judgment, or the defendant may be required by judgment to undertake a specific
administrative act anew:
statutory duty, a fixed time shall be set by judgment for his performance of
the duty.
by judgment.
undertake a specific administrative act anew must not, based on the same fact
and reason, undertake a specific administrative act essentially identical with
the original act.
considers the head of an administrative organ or the person directly in charge
to have violated administrative discipline, it shall transfer the relevant
materials to the administrative organ or the administrative organ at the next
higher level or to a supervisory or personnel department; if a people's court
considers the person to have committed a crime, it shall transfer the relevant
materials to the public security and procuratorial organs.
within three months from the day of filing the case. Extention of the time
limit necessitated by special circumstances shall be approved by a higher
people's court, extention of the time limit for handling a case of first
instance by a higher people's court shall be approved by the Supreme People's
Court.
people's court, he shall have the right to file an appeal with the people's
court at the next higher level within 15 days of the serving of the written
judgment. If a party refuses to accept an order of first instance by a
people's court, he shall have the right to file an appeal with the people's
court at the next higher level within 10 days of the serving of the written
order. All judgments and orders of first instance by a people's court that
have not been appealed within the prescribed time limit shall be legally
effective.
court records, if it considers the facts clearly ascertained.
final judgment within two months from the day of receiving the appeal.
Extention of the time limit necessitated by special circumstances shall be
approved by a higher people's court, extention of the time limit for handling
an appealed case by a higher people's court shall be approved by the Supreme
People's Court.
according to the conditions set forth below:
correctly applied in the original judgment, the appeal shall be rejected and
the original judgment sustained;
incorrectly applied in the original judgment, the judgment shall be amended
according to the law and regulations; or
the evidence is insufficient, or a violation of the prescribed procedure may
have affected the correctness of the original judgment, the original judgment
shall be rescinded and the case remanded to the original people's court for
retrial, or the people's court of the second instance may amend the judgment
after investigating and clarifying the facts. The parties may appeal against
the judgment or order rendered in a retrial of their case.
order contains some definite error, he may make complaints to the people's
court which tried the case or to a people's court at a higher level, but the
execution of the judgment or order shall not be suspended.
provisions of the law or regulations in a legally effective judgment or order
of his court and deems it necessary to have the case retried, he shall refer
the matter to the adjudication committee, which shall decide whether a retrial
is necessary.
the law or regulations in a legally effective judgment or order of a people's
court at a lower level, it shall have the power to bring the case up for trial
itself or direct the people's court at the lower level to conduct a retrial.
of the law or regulations in a legally effective judgment or order of a
people's court, it shall have the right to lodge a protest in accordance with
procedures of judicial supervision.
Chapter VII Execution
order of the people's court. If a citizen, a legal person or any other
organization refuses to perform the judgment or order, the administrative
organ may apply to a people's court of first instance for compulsory execution
or proceed with compulsory execution according to law.
people's court of first instance may adopt the following measures:
the amount of the fine that should be returned or the damages that should be
paid;
that fails to perform the judgment or order within the prescribed time limit,
counting from the day when the time limit expires;
superior to the administrative organ in question or to a supervisory or
personnel department; the organ or department that accepts the judicial
proposal shall deal with the matter in accordance with the relevant provisions
and inform the people's court of its disposition; and
the circumstances are so serious that a crime is constituted, the head of the
administrative organ and the person directly in charge shall be investigated
for criminal responsibility according to law.
the period prescribed by law, neither brings a suit nor carries out the
specific administrative act, the administrative organ may apply to a people's
court for compulsory execution, or proceed with compulsory execution according
to law.
Chapter IX Liability for Compensation for Infringement of Rights
suffers damage because of the infringement upon his or its lawful rights and
interests by a specific administrative act of an administrative organ or the
personnel of an administrative organ, shall have the right to claim
compensation.
independent claim for damages, the case shall first be dealt with by an
administrative organ. Anyone who refuses to accept the disposition by the
administrative organ may file a suit in a people's court. Conciliation may be
applied in handling a suit for damages.
administrative organ or the personnel of an administrative organ infringes
upon the lawful rights and interests of a citizen, a legal person or any other
organization and causes damage, the administrative organ or the administrative
organ to which the above-mentioned personnel belongs shall be liable for
compensation.
those members of its personnel who have committed intentional or gross
mistakes in the case to bear part or all of the damages.
in the government budget at various levels. The people's governments at
various levels may order the administrative organs responsible for causing the
compensation to bear part or all of the damages. The specific measures thereof
shall be formulated by the State Council.
Chapter X Administrative Procedure Involving Foreign Interests
persons and foreign organizations that are engaged in administrative suits in
the People's Republic of China, except as otherwise provided for by law.
that are engaged in administrative suits in the People's Republic of China
shall have the same litigation rights and obligations as citizens and
organizations of the People's Republic of China.
administrative litigation rights of the citizens and organizations of the
People's Republic of China, the Chinese people's courts shall follow the
principle of reciprocity regarding the administrative litigation rights of the
citizens and organizations of that foreign country.
People's Republic of China contains provisions different from those found in
this Law, the provisions of the international treaty shall apply, unless the
provisions are ones on which the People's Republic of China has announced
reservations.
organizations appoint lawyers as their agents ad litem in administrative suits
in the People's Republic of China, they shall appoint lawyers of a lawyers'
organization of the People's Republic of China.
Chapter XI Supplementary Provisions
administrative cases. The litigation fee shall be borne by the losing party,
or by both parties if they are both held responsible. The procedure for the
charging of litigation fees shall be specified separately.
URL: http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/apl279