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The Republic of Afghanistan
Ministry of Justice
Official Gazette
Civil Procedure Code
Afghanistan Democratic Republic
Editor: Shahjahan Bigzad
Assistant Editor: Nuralam
Issue: No. 10, August 22, 1990
Serial No.: 722
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOR CIVIL PROCEDURE CODE OF
THE REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN
IN THE NAME OF GOD, THE MERCIFUL, THE MOST BENEFICENT
CIVIL PROCEDURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN
This Code has been enacted pursuant to the provisions of Article 108 of the Constitution of the Republic of Afghanistan, for the purpose of managing the affairs related to the judgment and manner of proceedings in civil cases in the courts of the Republic of Afghanistan.
The principal objectives of this Code are as follows:
1- Observing the equality of the rights of citizens and implementation of the provisions of the laws of the Republic of Afghanistan in civil cases.
2- Management of the due process in judicial proceedings.
3- Determining the limits of rights and duties of the parties to the claim, witnesses and experts.
4- Management of the manner of giving testimony and evaluation of the legal documents, absolute evidence, circumstantial evidence and grounds for judgment.
5- Management of affairs related to appeal, final appeal and review of the decisions and final rulings of the courts.
6- Expediting the proceedings in civil actions.
It is within the jurisdiction of the courts in Afghanistan to hear civil actions.
The terms below contained in this Code have the following meanings:
1- Judge: Is the person who issues a judgment.
2- Acquitted: Is the persons in whose favor a judgment has been issued.
3- Convicted: Is the persons against whom a judgment has been issued.
4- Subject matter of the claim: That which has been the subject matter of the judgment.
5- Manner of Judgment: Is the procedure and manner of issuance of the ruling and decision.
6- Judgment: Is a decision issued by the judge though special words, in absolute and definite manner.
7- Decision: Is the judgment of the judge issued through such words as “I have decided that you ....... in the matter of ........ are bound” and explains his judgment as to whether the subject matter of the claim be dismissed or it should be submitted (for further proceedings); or “I have judged that you must not interfere with the defendant concerning the subject matter of the case.”
8- A binding judgment is issued based on the proof of the subject matter of the claim.
9- Judgment of dismissal: is a decision issued in the absence of proof (of the claim).
10- Appeal: Is that in which the appellant (the convicted person) is not satisfied with the judgment of the city, municipal, district or sub-district courts whereupon he/she presents a complaint and objection to the provincial or the district superior court.
11- Final Appeal: Is that in which the appellant is not satisfied with the judgment of the provincial or the district superior court and whereby he/she presents his/her complaint and objection to the Supreme Court.
12- Experts: Are professional persons who have sufficient expertise and experience in specific fields.
Claim is demanding a right from another in front of a court of law.
The person who demands a right is the plaintiff and the person from whom the right is demanded is defendant.
The parties to an action must according to the provisions of the law possess legal capacity.
If there is a lack or absence of legal capacity and there are no provisions providing for guardianship, rules related to executorship and custodianship shall be applicable.
The subject matter of a claim is the requested object and it involves such rights that the laws of the Republic of Afghanistan have provided for and that they can become the subject matter of claims.
1- The legal representative of the government can become a plaintiff or a defendant in the civil cases in which the rights and responsibilities related to the advantage or disadvantage of the government are absolutely or relatively involved.
2- The representative of the government for the purpose of the provisions of clause 1 of this Article is the office of the government cases.
The cases in which residents of a village are involved in a common manner, like grazing lands, public way and the like, the presence of some of them as plaintiff or defendant in the court of law is sufficient.
1- Claims that are brought for the benefit of or against a deceased or bequest, the presence of one of the heirs as plaintiff or defendant in the proceedings before the court is sufficient.
2- If the claims relate to a moveable bequest, the heir in whose protection the bequest is shall be considered an adversary.
1- A petition for a civil right is made by an official request letter.
2- A legal request is directly presented to the courts or through legal bureaus to the courts whereupon proceedings are held regarding them.
A legal request contains the following matters:
1- Name, father’s name, place, permanent and current residences, occupation, national identification number of the plaintiff and the defendant.
2- Determination of the extent of the subject matter of the claim and a summary of the purpose of the claim.
3- Declaration of the nature, type and price of the subject matter of the claim, in case it is moveable.
If the subject matter of the claim is a piece of land, a mention of its location, type and area is also necessary.
4- Signature or fingerprint of the requesting party.
If the requesting party is a proxy, executor or curator, a mention of the number and date of power of attorney document, executorship and custodianship with their full identification is necessary.
5- Date of the establishment of the right and the date of the presentation of the request.
If the subject matter of the claim is common and there are multiple plaintiffs, claim for relief is made by a single request.
If there is a single ground for the claim in the subject matter of the claim, and there are multiple defendants, petition is made through a single request letter.
1- As for the request that is submitted to the authorized court, the court examines the request after summoning the party against whom the request is made and, in case of consent by the latter, issues a legal writ and refers it to the legal office for its execution.
2- In case of a denial by the person against whom the request has been made, the court shall proceed according to the rules of the law.
In the absence of consent of the party against whom the request is made with the parties, the request that is presented to the legal office is assigned to the court.
The office of the authorized court’s documents receives the incoming requests and, after they are reviewed by the president of the court, records it in the relevant office.
If the court considers itself incompetent to hear the case, it shall issue a ruling of dismissal of the claim.
In a case in which preliminary objections are made, the court shall hear the objections in a legal proceeding determined by the court and shall take a legal decision to that effect.
Preliminary objections are as follows:
1- Lack of jurisdiction by the court to hear the case.
2- Lack of legal capacity on the part of the plaintiff and the defendant.
3- Inapplicability of the claim contained in the pleading to the defendant.
4- Issuance of a prior legal ruling related to the issue at dispute between the requesting party and the party against whom request is made.
5- Absence of documented proof of the possession of the immovable subject matter of the claim.
6- Relation of the case with a claim that is under proceedings in another court.
7- The case contained in the request being heard in another court.
8- The case being subject to the limitation period.
In situations that are contained in Article 21 of this Code, the legal panel shall hear the matter in the presence of the parties and shall issue a legal ruling and announce it to the parties.
The party not satisfied with the legal ruling issued pursuant to Article 22 of this Code can present its objection to the setting court or the superior court within twenty days. In this case, the setting court is obligated to give to the objecting party a date-stamped receipt and refer the objection to the superior court after recording it in the relevant office.
The period of presentation of the claim and response to it cannot be more than fifteen days, unless reasonable excuse is given.
The office of the court documents is obligated to give a date-stamped receipt related to the receipt of the claim paper, response to the claim and their annexes to the plaintiff and defendant.
The office of the court documents shall, after receipt of the claim, in case it is determined by the legal panel to be accurate, proceed with the issue according to the law and, with the written order of the president of the court, record the claim (x) in the specific form and give a copy of it at a specific time to the defendant for the purpose of preparing the response.
In case of inaccuracy of the claim, the plaintiff is bound to correct the claim.
After the preparation of response by the defendant, the court shall announce the date of the trial to the parties.
In simple claims and in claims that require speedy trial, the proceedings take place by taking into account the request for relief and the oral declarations of the parties.
Simple claims depend on the determination of the authorized court, in view of the environment and circumstances of the plaintiffs.
If the plaintiff does not present his/her claim to the court within the legal time period, the court shall issue a legal ruling dismissing the claim and shall return the request to the concerned authorities.
If the defendant does not present his/her written response to the court within the specified time period, the court shall rely on his/her oral response and hold legal proceedings concerning the issue.
If the plaintiff approaches the court after the issuance of the legal ruling pursuant to Article 29, the court shall demand the background information regarding the matter and shall, after summoning the opposing party, proceed with the issue.
The plaintiff is obligated to pursue his/her claim in this situation.
If the plaintiff does not attend the hearing of his/her claim for the second time and does not inform the court of his/her legal excuse, the court shall again issue a ruling of dismissal of the case.
According to the provisions of Article 32, this Code is subject to the provisions relating to appeal, unless the law has provided otherwise.
1- A court that has issued a ruling pursuant to the provisions of Article 32, and that ruling has been overruled by a superior court, the former is obligated to hold (new) proceedings concerning the case.
2- The superior court is obligated to announce to the parties its decision to overrule the ruling of the lower court and to order a re-trial of the case by the lower court.
After arrival of the case in office of the court for the purpose of retrial, the plaintiff is obligated to bring within one month its claim to the relevant court. In case the plaintiff does not without legal excuse bring its claim within the specified time period, the court shall issue a ruling of dismissal and this ruling shall be the final ruling.
In a claim relating to marriage, the plaintiff is obligated to submit its claim for purpose of the trial proceeding within one month to the relevant court in the absence of a proper excuse from the date of the arrival of request. With the expiry of this period, the court can issue a ruling of dismissal. The plaintiff is given the right of appeal only once.
If the trial court issues a ruling of dismissal for the second time, this ruling shall be final.
The court has the following offices:
1- Book of records and filing
2- Book of records of criminal files
3- Book of records of civil and commercial cases
4- Agenda of trial of urgent cases
5- Agenda of trial of ordinary cases
6- Form of the judicial ruling papers
7- Form of records of the judicial ruling papers
8- Form of the original and records of the judicial rulings
9- Office of accounting of executors
10- Office of recording of complaints and objections to the final and non-final judgments of the courts of the provinces
11- Office of appeals registration
12- Declaration
13- Book of records of customs documents
14- Exhibit
15- Book of record of requests
16- Office of custom’s tariffs
17- Office of attendance
18- Office of supervision of absolute decisions
19- Other needed offices
The number and type of offices and books of courts vary according to the specifics of the working of every court and each one of the courts according to the specifics of its work utilizes the offices provided for in Article 37 of this Code.
Subject to the provisions of this Code, other responsibilities of the administrative personnel of the courts are regulated by separate terms of reference that is approved by the high council of the Supreme Court.
Proceedings of all the civil cases in the courts of Afghanistan shall be public, unless such public hearing adversely affects public order or leads to the exposure of the secrets of the people’s lives.
Public hearings are held on official days and interested persons are allowed to attend.
The judgment of the court in all situations is announced publicly.
Proceedings in the camera are held in the presence of persons involved in the case and their legal representatives and, if needed, witnesses, experts and interpreter shall also attend the proceedings.
A person who has not completed the age of 15 and who is not involved in the case cannot attend the judicial hearing.
The office of the court documents is obligated, prior to the holding of the hearing, to place the plaintiff, defendant or their legal representative, witnesses, experts and interpreter in the specifically assigned places.
The judicial panel shall enter the hearing chamber when the time of the hearing has approached and the persons mentioned in Article 45 have attended.
Upon the entry of the judicial panel into the hearing chamber, all those in attendance shall stand up and when the judges take their seats, they shall sit down.
The presiding judge opens the official hearing in the name of God, the Almighty and Just, informs the attendees of the composition of the judicial panel, prosecutor and experts, interpreter and the secretary of the session.
The presiding judge explains the rights, duties and responsibilities of the persons involved in the case and in the hearing and instructs the secretary of the judicial session to read out the agenda of the hearing; and, after introducing the plaintiff, the defendant or their legal representative shall commence the proceedings of the case.
During the proceedings, the chairman of the session shall first allow the plaintiff or his/her legal representative and then the defendant or his/her representative to read out their claim and defense.
The parties to the claim shall freely read out their respective statements and give explanations. Before one side has ended reading its statement, the other side does not have the right to interrupt the statement of that side.
It shall be within the authority of the presiding judge to demand explanations from the plaintiff, the defendant and other persons involved. If during the trial there are issues concerning which the members of the judicial panel require explanation, the parties shall accordingly be questioned, with the permission of the presiding judge.
The secretary of the trial session is obligated to record without any addition or omission in the book of the records of the session all the proceedings of the trial in relation to the claim and defenses, testimony of witnesses and declarations of the experts, and obtain the signature of the president and the relevant persons at the end of the trial.
The leadership and management of the judicial hearing shall be within the authority of the presiding judge.
The persons involved in the case, the legal representative of the parties to the claim, the witnesses, the experts, the interpreters and others involved in the judicial hearing are obligated to observe the orderly conduct of the trial and to follow the orders of the presiding judge.
The plaintiff, the defendant or their legal representative, the witnesses, the experts and the interpreters are obligated to stand up while reading their statements and while explaining issues, unless the presiding judge gives them permission to sit down.
The presiding judge shall warn the person who disturbs the order of the hearing. In case of violation, the presiding judge can expel the persons creating the disturbance from the trial chamber.
If those disturbing the orderly conduct of the hearing are the plaintiff, the defendant or their legal representative and, in case such violation is repeated, the court can impose a monetary fine of no more than three thousand Afghanis or a sentence of imprisonment of up to one week upon such a person.
If the person disturbing the order of the hearing is a civil prosecutor, the court shall, by issuing a judicial ruling, take an action to replace him.
If the person who disturbs the order of the hearing is a defense attorney, the court shall discipline him/her according to the provisions of law.
If a person commits the crime of obscenity or a misdemeanor during the hearing, he/she shall be punished by the court according to the provisions of the law.
The court shall determine the mandatory punishments provided for under Articles 58 to 60 of this Code and the judgment of the court to this effect shall not be subject to appeal.
In situations provided for under Articles 58 to 60 of this Code, the court can cancel the judgment that has been issued prior to the end of the hearing.
In case of a misdemeanor, if the court does not convict the accused in the same hearing session, or if the wrongdoing is a crime, the court is obligated to prepare the records of the incident and issue an order for the arrest of the accused and refer the issue to the relevant prosecutor. Issuance of judgment in this regard takes place in the nearest court.
The president and the members of the court shall each remove himself/herself from the composition of the trial and hearing of a civil action in the following situations:
1- If he/she is an interested party in the case before the court or if the claim is related to the principals and proxies, husband, wife or their relatives. For this purpose, “relatives” means brother and sister and their respective children (nephew/niece), uncle and aunt (on both the mother’s side and the father’s side), father-in-law and mother-in-law.
2- If he/she has written or signed a document related to the case before the court, or if he/she, acting as a prosecutor, has already made a judgment as to the subject matter of the claim or, as an expert or witness, has already expressed an opinion.
3- If there is a conflict between the president and the members of the court or one of the parties to the case.
4- If there is an existing enmity between the president and the members of the court or one of the parties to the case.
The judges that pursuant to the provision of clause 1 of Article 65 of this Code are related to each other cannot be involved in the composition of the trial and the hearing of the civil case.
In case of the occurrence of circumstances beyond those provided for under Articles 65 and 66 of this Code, a judge can refuse to participate in the hearing of a case.
Involvement of the president and the members of the court in the subsequent hearing is not allowed in the following situations:
1- In case of participation in the preliminary hearing of the case.
2- In case of participation in the hearing of the case before the tribunals of the Supreme Court.
In situations provided for under Articles 67 and 68 of this Code, the judge is obligated to submit to the court his/her recusal from the case.
The parties to a claim can in case of the existence of one of the situations provided for under Articles 67 and 68 of this Code request the exclusion of a judge from the proceedings of the case.
A demand for exclusion/rejection of the judge is submitted to the court in a written and documented form within three days prior to the commencement of proceedings of the case.
1- The judicial panel of the court shall examine during a judicial hearing the grounds and reasons for the rejection, and shall make a decision and issue a ruling with a majority of opinions regarding acceptance and non-acceptance.
2- If opinions are evenly divided, rejection of the judge is preferred.
If there is one judge in the preliminary court, the request for rejection is presented to the superior court and, in case of acceptance of the rejection, another judge is assigned to hear the case.
If demand for rejection is directed against the whole judicial panel of the preliminary court, in case of the acceptance of rejection, another judicial panel is assigned for the purpose of hearing the claim and issuance of judgment by the superior court.
If the grounds for rejection are directed against the judicial panel of one of the tribunals of the state court or an equivalent court, the president of the court shall with the participation of another judge make a decision regarding acceptance or non-acceptance of the rejection.
If the grounds of rejection are directed against the head of the state court, an equivalent court or against members of the Supreme Court, the high council of the Supreme Court shall make a decision regarding this matter.
When the rejection of a judge is at issue, the hearing of actual claim shall be postponed.
If the grounds for rejection of the judge are not proven, the court deciding that there is no proof to allow rejection shall impose a monetary fine of up to three thousand Afghani upon the party requesting the rejection in bad faith (plaintiff or defendant).
The rulings that are issued by the court regarding rejection shall be final.
Civil claims at the trial stage shall be decided by the city, municipal, district or sub-district courts, except in situations where the law provides otherwise.
The court shall take measures to hear claims whose solution has been requested by legal or juridical personalities.
1- Civil claims are resolved in the defendant’s place of residence.
2- In case the defendant possesses multiple residences, civil claims against him/her are heard in such court in whose jurisdiction the defendant resides while making the claim.
If the defendant is a married woman, the hearing of the case shall be within the jurisdiction of the court located in the place of residence of the husband.
In the defendant is a girl who has attained the age of marriage (age of majority) or who possesses full legal capacity, the court which is located in the place of residence of her father or her close relatives who are responsible for her feeding and upbringing shall have jurisdiction to hear the claim.
If the defendant lacks legal capacity or is not competent, the court located in the place of residence of the guardian, administrator or custodian shall have jurisdiction to hear the claim.
The place of residence of interdicted, missing and absentee persons shall be the residence of their legal representative.
If the defendants are employees of the government, appointees of the armed forces in civil cases, the court which is located in the place of their employment shall have jurisdiction to hear the claim.
Claim by a traveler or nomad, in case they are the plaintiff or defendant, are heard in the city, municipal, district or sub-district courts, if both parties accept the jurisdiction of the relevant court.
If either of the parties to the claim has an objection to the jurisdiction of the court to hear the claim, it shall present its objection to the same court before the commencement of the hearing; otherwise, the jurisdiction of the court is considered accepted.
If the defendant has spent at least one year in the place of residence of the plaintiff, the court located in the place of residence of the plaintiff shall have jurisdiction.
In claims related to the civil contracts of a trader or a professional person as defendants, the court located at the place of the trade, profession or the court of the place of his/her actual residence shall have jurisdiction.
If a place of residence is chosen for the purpose of the performance of a specific legal dealing, the court with jurisdiction to hear a claim arising from such dealing shall be the court located in that chosen residence.
Hearing of a claim related to the division or assignment of bequest shall be within the jurisdiction of the city, municipal, district or sub-district courts within whose jurisdiction the property subject to the division or assignment is located.
In case of the existence of the property in different jurisdictional zones, the court in whose territory the major part of the property is located shall have jurisdiction to conduct the proceedings.
A case cannot be transferred to another court after a hearing has commenced in a court and after it has been recorded in the special form. In case of a recusal by the judge or a rejection of the judge by the defendant, another judicial panel shall be assigned in the same court to hear the claim.
If the spatial or the factual jurisdiction of the court is changed pursuant to the enactment of a new law, the court in which the claim is being heard shall have jurisdiction.
Hearing of the claims related to foreign citizens residing in Afghanistan shall be within the jurisdiction of the courts of the Republic of Afghanistan.
In a claim related to a foreign citizen that does not have a place of residence in Afghanistan, the courts of the Republic of Afghanistan shall have jurisdiction to hear such a claim in the following situations:
1- In case the foreigner has a residence of choice in the Republic of Afghanistan.
2- In case the subject of a contract or the place of its implementation is the Republic of Afghanistan.
3- In case the claim related to a demand for division/assignment of bequeathed property has commenced in the Republic of Afghanistan.
4- In case the whole or part of the bequeathed properties is in the Republic of Afghanistan.
Hearing of a claim related to separation for reason of the absence of husband or his being missing shall be within the jurisdiction of the court located in the place of residence of the plaintiff.
Hearing of a claim of confirmation for reasons of detention of husband according to the provisions of the law shall be within the jurisdiction of the court that is located in the place of detention of the husband.
Hearing of a claim for reason of harm against a wife by a husband who has a place of residence or a place of stay in Afghanistan, whereby he has left his wife and has escaped abroad after causing the harm, shall be held in the court of the place of residence of the wife.
An authorized court to hear a claim against a person who has left Afghanistan without legal reason shall in the following situations be the court of the place of residence of the plaintiff:
1- Claim related to maintenance of wife, the principal and the interest.
2- Claim related to proof of lineage.
3- Claim related to revocation of guardianship.
4-Claim related to revocation of executorship and custodianship.
The following matters shall fall within the family cases:
1- Marriage and rights arising from it.
2- Rights arising from marital relationship.
3- Financial disputes arising from marital relationship.
4- Claim related to lineage.
5- Issues related to protection and maintenance of child.
6- Dissolution of marriage for whatever reason.
7- Issues related to an absentee and missing husband.
8- Other issues that are considered as part of family cases according to the provisions of law.
1- Relinquishing a claim of engagement in case of transfer to the court is heard within the judicial ruling.
2- The ruling of the court regarding relinquishment of the claim of engagement is final and cannot be heard by a higher court.
Return of gifts can only be demanded from fiancé according to the provisions of the law.
1- The court shall prior to the commencement of the proceedings of the claim assure itself of the accuracy of the marriage.
2- Information as to the accuracy of the marriage shall be obtained from those present in the marriage ceremony.
The proceedings and hearing of a claim by the court after receipt of information regarding the process of the claim related to marriage or the rejection of the claim take place within the judicial ruling and this ruling shall be absolute.
1- If during the proceedings of a claim related to marriage, a dispute emerges regarding the place of residence of the defendant, the court shall make a determination to specify the place of residence of the defendant by taking into consideration the interests of the parties.
2- The place of residence of father, grandfather, brother and close relatives of the woman (wife) and the location of welfare organizations are taken into account by the court when it determines the place of residence of wife.
If the woman (wife) is a resident in one of the places specified in clause 2 of Article 106 of this Code, resolution of the claim is subject to urgent agenda.
Bringing a claim for dissolution of marriage of the wife for reason of absence of (legal) capacity to marry at the time of marriage is not allowed after completion of the age of 17.
Determination of capacity to marry shall be made according to the provisions of Chapter Ten of this Part.
In a claim of separation for reason of harm, if the harm in question is not justified and if the court envisions a fear of disagreement and division between the husband and wife, the court shall assign two just persons, one from the relatives of the husband and another from the relatives of the wife as a arbitrators for the purpose of repairing their relationship.
In a claim of separation for reasons of harm, an arbitrator cannot be assigned more than twice.
The court shall issue a justified judgment based on the reasons and evidence provided by the two arbitrators.
In claims of separation for reason of harm no oath shall administered.
If the defect of the husband is not removed within one year, the court shall by taking into account the provisions of Article 179 of Civil Law order separation between the husband and wife.
In a claim of separation for reason of absence, if the husband possesses a place of residence which is clear and specific, the court shall serve a written notice on the absentee husband and shall specify a time period for his return to the residence of his wife or shall require him to return to his own residence.
In case the absentee husband continues to be absent, despite the receipt of the notice from the court and the expiry of the time specified therein, the court shall by assigning an agent for the absentee (husband) adjudicate the issue.
In case the absentee husband does not possess a clear and specific residence, or if the service of the written notice upon the absentee husband is not possible, the issue specifying the time period for (his) appearance shall be announced through radio. The time period for this purpose cannot be less than one month from the time of the announcement.
If the absentee husband continues to be absent without legal justification despite the radio announcement, the court shall proceed with the issue by assigning an agent for the absentee (husband).
In view of the provisions of Article 326 of the Civil Law, a claim for the dissolution of marriage against a missing husband whose state of life or death is not clear is not allowed before the expiry of a period of four years.
In determining a judgment and issues related to it and the rejection of claims of separation for reasons of defect, harm, absence of maintenance and absence of the husband, the court shall also observe the rules of the Civil Law.
Requests related to the public interest claims are directly submitted to the Kabul city court, state courts or main district court, and proceedings related to them take place as follows:
1- Written notice of the contents of the request to the office of government cases.
2- Demand for background information regarding the case, the presence of representative of the office of government cases and the legal representative of legal persons along with specifying the date.
3- Listening to the statements and defenses of the parties to the case in the preliminary hearing.
If the court, after listening to the statements and the defenses and as a result of evaluating the reasons presented by both parties, concludes that the resolution of the dispute requires a hearing, it shall issue a ruling in favor of the proceedings of the claim.
In case the court concludes in the preliminary hearing that the dispute actually does not require a court proceeding, it shall declare the claim as non-justiciable.
The judicial ruling provided for under Article 122 of this Code is not final and can, as a result of complaint by a party to the case or of an objection by the representative of the office of the government cases can be heard again in a tribunal related to the Supreme Court.
If the satisfaction of the opposing party in a case that is referred to the office of the government cases is not obtained without hearing by the court, the office of government cases shall refer the case to the court for the purpose of resolution.
In relation to the matters that are referred to the court by the office of the government cases, compliance with the provisions of Articles 122 and 123 of this Code is mandatory.
The court in a public interest claim shall issue its judgment based on sources of proof, such as documents and witnesses.
The court shall directly inform the party to a claim or summon him/her through relevant authorities.
The court can request the presence of an expert and a third party whose statements for the clarification of the case are effective.
If either party does not come to the court on the day specified, it shall be summoned by the court.
One original and two copies of the summons form are prepared and shall contain the following:
1- Name and address of the court.
2- Identity and accurate address of parties to the claim.
3- Date and time of presence.
4- Introduction of the issue.
5- Reminders to the person summoned regarding preparation and presentation of documents related to the issue.
6- Warning about consequences of non-appearance
The court can request in any manner possible, including telephone and telegraph, the presence of the parties to the claim, witnesses and experts.
The summons form of the court shall be issued to the office of summons and appearance together with an official letter.
The office of summons and appearance is obligated to give the summons form to the relevant person or his legal representative, and to obtain his signature and agreement to appear on the second copy and send it to the court.
If the person summoned is illiterate, his fingerprint shall be put on paper in a professional and clear manner.
In case the person summoned refuses to sign or give his fingerprint, the matter shall be recorded in the form accordingly and the signature of one of the followings persons is taken on it:
1- Signature of the head of the council of the place of residence or two neighboring persons or residents of the place.
2- Signature of the head of the office of summons and, in case the person refusing is a worker of the government office or organizations, the signature of the head of the concerned office.
The office of summons and appearance shall in compliance with the steps provided for in Article 136 return the form to the court together with an official letter.
If the person summoned is a staff member of the government offices, organizations or companies, the summons form can also be sent to his relevant office.
If finding the person is temporarily postponed for some reasons, the relevant places are obligated to officially inform the court of the issues and, after the removal of the obstacles, shall proceed with processing of the summons form.
If the person summoned is an escapee, absentee or missing the documents related to his/her investigations shall be completed and the matter recorded in the summons form and then sent to the court.
If the person summoned is a member of the armed forces, the summons form is served on him through the relevant military squad/unit.
If the steps contained in this Code are not observed in the summons form, the form is returned by the court to the relevant authorities for completion, and the authorities issuing the summons are obligated to complete the steps of the form.
If the person summoned appears before the court and if his subsequent appearance in the following hearing sessions is also necessary, the date of the next hearing session for the purpose of appearance is announced to him and the proceeding recorded in the concerned office.
If it is feared that a party to the claim withdraws or escapes, the court can force him to guaranty his/her presence.
If the person summoned pursuant to the summons contained in the summons and appearance form issued by the authorities issuing summons and request for appearance refuses to reappear in the court, the court shall summon him for the second or third time.
If the person summoned despite implementation of the provisions of Article 145 of this Code still does not appear in the court, or according to Article 140 of this Code, he/she is considered an escapee, absentee or missing, the request for his presence during the time specified by the court is made for the last time through radio or a popular and widely-circulated newspaper.
If the person summoned refuses to appear in the court at the specified time without reasonable excuse, the court shall issue judgments in absentia regarding him/her.
The court summons and requires the appearance of the parties to the claim based on the date of the agenda. Expedited claims are exempt from this rule.
The time of presence of the person summoned is made by the court at its discretion based on the distance of his/her place of residence and the availability of transportation
Any reluctance on the part of the places/offices of summons and appearance as contained in this Chapter shall be announced to the head offices of these offices by the court in order that the office/person in violation is subject to legal questioning.
The court shall control the implementation of the rule of Article 150 of this Chapter every fifteen days.
The office of the court documents is responsible to the president of the court for the implementation of the rules contained in this Chapter.
If the applicant does not follow his/her application in the court within 30 days of the recorded claim, a ruling of dismissal of the claim shall be issued in his/her absence according to the rules of this Code.
If the plaintiff submits his/her claim to the court and after commencement of the proceedings of the claim he/she disappears without legal excuse, the court shall summon the plaintiff according to the rules of Chapter 8 of this Part and, in case he/she does not appear in the court within the specified time period, a decision of dismissal shall be issued.
If the defendant confesses after a claim has been brought by the plaintiff, and at the time of the issuance of judgment the defendant retracts his/her confession, if he/she disappears after the testimony of witnesses, the court shall in both cases consider the defendant as legally present and shall issue a judgment in the matter.
If the plaintiff expresses inability to present witnesses and requests an oat by the opposing party, but during the performance of the oath he/she withdraws himself/herself (from the proceedings), the court shall consider the plaintiff as legally present and shall issue an order for the taking of an oath or a withdrawal by the defendant.
In cases where the return of an oath is allowed, if the defendant returns the taking of the oath to the plaintiff, and the plaintiff disappears thereafter, the court shall rule for the withdrawal of the plaintiff.
If the defendant after the submission of request does not actually appear pursuant to the summons, or if he/she disappears before the commencement of the claim or thereafter, and the plaintiff insists on the resolution of the issue, the court shall in compliance with the rules of Chapter 8 of this Part take appropriate actions, and after the specified time has become due, one of the close relatives in the first degree shall assign a representative for the absentee husband or wife and proceed with the hearing of the claim.
If the relatives in the first degree are absent, her/his husband or wife does not qualify to be a representative or his/her relatives refuse to accept becoming a representative, as a result of written recommendation of the court, the civil prosecutor is assigned as the representative of the absentee (party) and the claim is heard.
Assignment of a representative for the absentee person by the court takes place within the papers of judgment. This representative shall possess the defensive authorities of the absentee person.
If the absentee defendant has reasonable excuse and has given notice to the court, the hearing of the case is postponed up to two months for the purpose of removal of the excuse.
If the period of postponement exceeds the two months, the court can take action by using the possible legal means, and in special situations the court can extend the said time period.
1- If the absentee person makes an appearance after being assigned by the court, the trial shall take place in his presence.
2- If his absence is repeated or is a result of disobedience or distress against the opposing side, this appearance shall have no validity and the trial shall proceed in the presence of the representative assigned by the court.
If in the face of the defendant’s defense, the oath is returned to the plaintiff and thereafter the defendant disappears, in such a case the court on behalf of the absentee person appoints a representative and returns the oath to the actual plaintiff. The oath and refusal in such situations have legal effects.
If the plaintiff does not have witnesses and demands the oath of the absentee defendant, the court shall issue a judgment pending the oath by the absentee party.
If the defendant appears in the court during a period of two months, but declines to take an oath in the court, this refusal shall be actual denial and the non-appearance of the defendant in the court without reason during the specified time period as stated shall be legal denial. In both cases, the court shall issue a judgment for his refusal.
1- If the absentee defendant appears during the specified time period and takes an oath against the claim of the plaintiff, a judgment of dismissal shall be issued.
2- Readiness of the defendant to take the oath after the expiry of the period of two months is not valid.
If the guardian, executor, custodian or the proxy of the absentee do not follow up the claim, the court shall not make a judgment of dismissal due to non-appearance and non-follow-up, and in the face of continuing absence shall assign another person as legal representative instead of the custodian, executor or proxy of the absentee and, in case of cancellation of the guardianship, shall assign another guardian as executor and shall issue its judgment in the matter.
If the proxy/attorney of the plaintiff does not follow the claim of the latter, the court shall notify the latter only once, and in case of the presence of the latter or with the assignment of a new proxy it shall act to resolve the claim and, in case of a lack of attention by the latter to the notification, the court shall issue a ruling of dismissal.
1- The absent representative is not authorized to make a confession, give a waiver, amendment, satisfaction and other actions that are detrimental to the absentee party.
2- The authority of the assigned representative ends by the court pursuant to the provisions of Article 163 after notification and presence by the absentee party.
The party representing public interests is not authorized to make a confession, give a waiver, and make an amendment, unless otherwise provided for in the law.
Judgments in absentia are announced to the representative and are brought to the attention of the convicted person. In case of the impossibility of announcing it to the convicted person, the notice is delivered to one of the members of the absentee’s family and, in the case of non-existence of members of the family, is submitted to the office of their place of residence or to the office of their workplace.
The absentee’s proxy/attorney and the public rights representative do not have the authority of satisfaction regarding the issued judgment by the court.
The court’s judgments designating representative are also applicable in claims for separation due to the husband being absent or missing.
1- For the purpose of clarification of facts related to the claim and pursuant to the request of the parties, the court can demand the opinions of the experts who based on their profession and expertise possess sufficient information and based on standards of Islamic law possess good character and attributes.
2- Before commencing his activity, the expert shall swear that he/she shall perform his/her duty with trustworthiness.
1- In claims related to land, the court can seek information from the experts about the price of the land, determination of limits, area and structural matters and in case of the emergence of differences between the parties to the claim.
2- The court can seek information from the experts in claims related to moveable properties regarding the determination of the price of the subject matter of the claim.
1- The experts for the purpose of the provisions of clause 1 of Article 176 of this Code shall be a surveyor, a worker of land registry, an expert of land improvements, an architect, a civil engineer and a neighbor.
2- Experts for the purpose of the rule contained in clause 2 of Article 176 of this Code shall be an accountant, controller, professional technicians and skilled individuals.
If the identity of the plaintiff or the defendant is in doubt, the court can seek clarifications from the informed neighbors, class representatives or the head of the concerned office about his/her name, identity, occupation and place of residence.
1- If determining the age of persons, especially of women and children, is considered important during the trial proceedings and the persons do not possess citizenship document or, if there is a difference between his/her age as recorded in the citizenship document and his/her appearance, the court shall demand the opinion of a judicial doctor or another doctor.
2- In cases where the determination of age based on the opinion of the judicial doctor or another doctor varies from the background of the case and the appearances of the person, the issue of age determination is referred to a medical panel of not less than three persons.
The court shall seek information about the husband’s impotence or his having diseases that are difficult to cure from an expert gynecologist and, in the absence of an expert, from a doctor, nurse and local mid-wife.
The court in cases of separation for reason of defect of husband shall obtain information from a relevant expert or a medical board regarding proof of the defect or affliction with incurable diseases or diseases that are curable in the long term.
Avoidance and rejection of experts are subject to the general bases of avoidance and rejection of the rules contained in Chapter Four of Part Two of this Code.
The parties to a claim have the right, if justifiable grounds exist, to demand rejection of experts. The court within three days from the date of the request for rejection shall make a decision in the matter. In case the grounds for rejection appear to be justifiable, the experts cannot express an opinion in the matter again.
In claims whose complexity is the result of accounting issues and of the examination of papers and documents, or if the complexity of the claims has originated from elsewhere, the court shall assign one of the members of the court or an expert to supervise the issue and to take actions thereafter.
The experts shall in all cases present their opinions in written form to the court and those opinions are then read in the judicial sessions.
The experts after their opinions are read in the session can be subjected to questioning. This questioning is conducted first by the person who has been selected based on the request by him/her or by his/her legal representative and then by persons involved in the case and by the court.
In the absence of sufficient clarification or in case of non-completion of opinion the court can order the experts to give further explanations and conduct complementary examinations.
In case the court identifies the opinion of the expert or informed person as undocumented or in conflict with reality, it shall require a new opinion from him/her or shall submit the matter to another expert or informed person.
In situations where the expert attends the judicial session, the results of his statements and examinations are recorded in the book of judicial records.
The court shall not be restricted to the opinion of the expert or the informed person, but shall examine the given opinion like other grounds of proof. If the result of the examination by the court does not comply with the opinion of the expert, the court shall reflect the reasons for the rejection of that opinion in details in the decision.
A civil case that is brought to the consideration of the president, deputy or judge of the court by the office of court documents pursuant to the rule of Article 18 of this Code shall be subject to the following considerations:
1- In courts where the number of original/permanent or support/temporary judges is more than three, the president or the deputy of the court shall assign two persons from among the judges for the purpose of preliminary study of the case and the papers are submitted without delay by the office of the court documents to the assigned judicial panel.
2- In the city, district, sub-district and municipal courts in which the number of judges is less than three persons, the judges or the existing judge can conduct the preliminary study of the incoming cases and make a decision in the matter.
In case the proceedings of a civil case would require fixing of a price, limiting or determining the size, cleaning up or identification of other important situations in the subject matter of the claim, the court shall proceed according to the rules of Chapter Two of Part Two of this Code.
While conducting examination of the situations related to the subject of the claim, if the court finds either directly or as a result of oral statements of the parties that the discovery of the actual aspects of the case and the just proceedings of the case on its merit require the analysis of some other issues, the court shall issue a judicial ruling based on the analysis of the specific issues and shall proceed according to the rules contained in Articles 179-182 of this Code.
If the court feels a need for the discovery of some special situations related to civil cases, it can assure itself of the statements and reasons of both sides and it can otherwise seek information in the matter from concerned authorities.
The office of the court documents is obligated to present the background information regarding the case to the judicial panel after receipt of information contained in Article 192 to Article 194 of this Code.
The court cannot without justifiable need return the papers related to civil cases.
The court cannot without justifiable need postpone the proceedings and hearing of civil cases.
Issuance of a judicial ruling on the merits of civil cases is not allowed, except in situations where the law has provided otherwise.
The presidents of the tribunals of the Supreme Court, presidents of the courts, deputies, presidents of the tribunals of provincial courts, and the main district, city, district, sub-district and municipal courts are obligated to prepare the contents of civil cases with the explanation of the type of claim and the identity of the parties and to take relevant actions based on them.
The completion of trial stages in civil cases, including the follow-up by the parties to the claim, and the issuance of judicial ruling to the effect take place at most within four months.
The time period contained in Article 200 of this Code is extendable according to the specific nature of some of the cases based on documented and justifiable reasons.
The beginning of the period of judicial proceedings is valid after the plaintiff’s claim is recorded on its special form.
Differentiation of the plaintiff from the defendant and the separation outside of real possessor (zulyad) takes place at first instance by a judicial ruling. (not clear)
It is obligatory that the plaintiff and the defendant or their proxy, guardian, executor or custodian appear before the court with the relevant documents.
In addition to the parties to the claim and the civil prosecutor, representatives of the governmental bureaus, organizations and third parties can participate in the judicial proceedings.
The power of attorney is valid until the issuance of the decision by the court in which the claim is being heard. The following situations are exempt from this rule:
If it is clearly stated in the power of attorney document that the authority of making a demand, making an objection to the judgment and retrial, presenting and following up of the claim to the highest courts has been assigned to the representative.
Judges and administrative workers of the courts cannot perform the duty of representation, except in cases where the claim in question concerns their husband, wife, father, grandfather, mother, grandmother, son and daughter.
Judges and workers of the courts can act in their own claim in their own behalf and in the claim of the persons mentioned in Article 207 of this Code as representative, guardian, executor and custodian.
The parties to the claim are guided to the court chamber in turn and their situations are examined in the following order:
1- The court makes a determination as to which one of them has appeared in the court as the principal, and which of them as proxy, guardian, executor and custodian.
2- The persons who appear in the court as deputies or representatives, the court workers shall file the document of their authority.
3- The request of the plaintiff and all the documents and papers of the parties are regulated by the office of court document.
The plaintiff shall present its petition in two copies. In case of inaccuracy of the claim, the plaintiff is obligated to correct the claim.
If the claim is accurate and the provisions of Article 26 of this Code are complied with, the defendant is obligated to present its written response to the court within specified time period.
The court after the presentation of the written response by the defendant shall convey the date of the trial proceedings to the parties to the claim.
If the parties to the claim appear in the judicial proceedings on the specified date, the proceedings shall be officially announced and the following steps shall be taken:
1- Following the claim of the plaintiff, the written defense by the defendant is recorded in a special form (a pleading form) and then the claim of the plaintiff and the defense of the defendant are read in the presence of the parties in the judicial session and the contents of the claim and defense are conveyed to the parties.
2- After the reading of the claim of the plaintiff and defense of the defendant, first the plaintiff is given time to explain the claim and the relevant documents, secondly, the defendant is given time to explain its response to the plaintiff’s claim with presentation of documents.
3- The president of the session and members of the judicial panel shall question the parties about the lack of clarity and conflict.
4- The secretary of the session is obligated, following an order by the president of the court, to record the proceedings and explanations of the manner of removal of vagueness and conflict in the claim of the plaintiff and the defense of the defendant, and at the end of the trial, to get the record signed by the parties to the claim and by the judicial panel.
The full presence of the judicial panel during the judicial negotiations and sessions is necessary. In the absence of the president of the session or one of the members of the judicial panel the session cannot be held.
The presentation of a witness to the possession of the immoveable subject matter of the claim is obligatory after the (proof of) accuracy of the claim.
If during the trial one of the parties to the claim present as proof documents which are not part of the previously studied court papers, the court cannot accept those papers except in the following situations:
1- The court is satisfied that delivery of the mentioned papers was not possible at that time.
2- Existence of another reasonable excuse based on non-presentation of the mentioned papers at that time.
If any of the situations stated under Article 216 of this Code is applicable, the court shall assign another judicial session for the purpose of consideration of the issue.
The parties to the claim can resort to amending, changing, reducing, or increasing the claim and responses that they have submitted to the court separately within the copies only one time, on the condition that the said amendment does not change the merits of the claim and the defense in terms of quality or quantity.
The parties to the claim cannot demand from the court separate decisions regarding each part of their claims, defenses and objections that have been contained in one claim.
If the proceedings and the trial and the issuance of the judgment do not occur in one session, another date is assigned for the subsequent session and the parties are informed of this.
If one of the parties to the claim dies during the trial, the heirs of the deceased is summoned to the court pursuant to the demand by the opposite side and the court restarts from the point it had stopped.
If the plaintiff requests an additional time to prove its case, the court shall give it the necessary time.
If a need arises during the trial for the papers and documents related to the claim of the plaintiff and the defense of the defendant and such documents exist in the mixed and confidential government offices and organizations, the court shall allow time for the purpose of obtaining such documents and papers.
If the arrival of papers by the parties to the claim is not possible, the court can officially demand the needed papers from relevant authorities.
If a party to the claim denies the contents of the papers and documents that are presented to the court for the purpose of proof of the claim or claims that they are forged, the issue shall be dealt with and the proceedings shall take place according to the provisions of Chapter 15 of this Part.
A claim arising from the actual/original claim that is presented by the plaintiff or the defendant during the proceedings of the claim, the court shall deal with the incidental claim during the actual/original claim and make a decision regarding it.
The court shall issue a judicial ruling regarding an emerging claim that requires urgent hearing.
If the emerging claim resulting from the actual claim is raised in the superior courts, it shall be returned to the initial court.
The emerging claim does not require passage through the preliminary steps.
The court shall recommend the assignment of conciliators in cases where the court senses willingness on the part of the parties for settlement.
1- If the parties to the claim settle their differences prior to the commencement of the claim and the proceedings, their settlement is put in writing and their dispute is brought to an end.
2- If the settlement takes effect during the proceedings and the trial, the settlement is recorded in the decision and a judgment is issued allowing the settlement and an end to the dispute between the parties.
If the parties do not agree to settle (their dispute), the court shall proceed with the matter and shall issue a decision accordingly.
During the proceedings the office of court documents is obligated to observe the following steps and record them in the presence (of the court):
1- Name of the presiding judge and judicial panel, identity of the parties to the claim and name of the interpreter, if one exists.
2- Statements of the parties.
3- Name of the witnesses with their full identities.
4- Summary of the contents of the documents that the parties present.
5- Scrutinies that are performed by the court.
6- The decision that is taken by the court.
If the trial is not ended and the proceedings are postponed to next day, the judicial proceedings during the followings days are recorded and performed in the order provided for under Article 233.
Minutes (of the proceedings) and other papers and documents to be kept in the court together with the background materials of the case.
After the investigation and scrutiny of the case and proceedings regarding the reasons, the presiding judge shall demand additional explanations from the parties. In case the parties do not have (further) explanations, the president of the court shall announce the end of the investigation of the case and shall proceed with judicial discussions.
The judicial discussions contain statements involved in the case that take place in the following order:
1- Statements of the plaintiff or his/her legal representative.
2- Statements of the defendant or his/her legal representative.
3- Statements of a third person who presents a separate request during the proceedings of the case.
4- The opinion of the prosecutor involved.
5- Other issues that assists the speedy trial.
The participants in the judicial discussions as provided for in Article 237 of this Code cannot bring as proof in their statements the situations and reasons that have not been explained to the court and have not been investigated in the judicial proceedings.
If the claim has reached at the stage of issuance of judgment after following procedures, a change in the essence or in the attributes of the parties cannot prevent the issuance of a ruling.
A change in essence or substance means death and a change in attributes means the occurrence of insanity and bankruptcy.
The court shall accept the request of a third person for a right of demand, authority to intervene in the claim and presence in the trial.
If the legal stages of the judgment have come to an end, the announcement of the court’s judgment to the parties cannot be postponed as a result of this request.
At the conclusion of the investigation and scrutiny, and after judicial discussions and statements by the parties to the effect that they have nothing else to say, the presiding judge shall announce the end of the trial to the parties.
After the announcement and the end of the trial the right of the parties to give statements ends.
After the end of the trial, the judicial panel enters the chamber of the judicial consultations for the purpose of making a decision and arrangement of the text of the judgment, and before that the issue is announced to those attending the judicial proceedings by the president of the session.
After a decision has been taken and the text of the judicial panel has been arranged, a reference is made to the chamber of the, the president of the session shall announce the court’s judgment, explain the time period for complaints and appeals.
If the session has been held in the office of the judicial panel, those present in the session shall step out of the session simultaneously with the announcement of the end of the trial, and after the decision is taken the parties to the claim are allowed to enter the session so that the judgment is announced to them.
The decisions of the judicial panel on merits or substance of the claim are issued in the form of a judgment.
The decision of the court shall be legal and documented.
The court issues its decision only on the basis of the evidence that have been gathered and investigated during the judicial proceedings.
While issuing the judgment in the consultations chamber only the relevant judicial panel can be present and the presence of others is not allowed.
The judgment of the court shall be issued with the majority opinion of the judicial panel in such order that first the members and then the president shall express their opinions. No member of the judicial panel has the right to decline from giving an opinion.
If one of the members of the judicial panel does not agree with the opinion of the majority, he/she shall write his/her specific opinion in a separate paper and after the signature and seal attach it to the decision. This opinion is not read in the judicial proceedings.
It is not allowed to disclose opinions that are expressed by the judges in the consultations room.
The decision is written by the presiding judge or one of the judges participating in the issuance of the judgment and is then sealed and signed by the judicial panel.
The decision consists of the introduction, description, reasoning, conclusion and the text of the judgment.
The introductory part of the decision consists of the following issues:
1- The name of the setting court, name of the president of the session, judicial members, secretary of the session and the prosecutor, if he is a participant in the session.
2- The full introduction of the plaintiff and defendant with the explanation of residence, occupation, duty, place of occupation and work, the citizenship document’s number and its place of issue, the introduction of other individuals involved in the case, their attorneys and legal representatives.
3- The identification of the type of subject matter of the claim.
4- Number, date and place of issue of the decision, date of announcement, number of sheets of the decision and its annexes.
The descriptive part of the decision consists of the following:
1- The facts of the plaintiff’s case, the defenses of the defendant and other demands by the parties to the claim.
2- Confession or denial.
3- Testimony of witnesses, its acceptance or rejection.
4- Documents, absolute evidence and circumstantial evidence.
5- Oath or retraction.
6- A summary of the trial proceedings.
The reasoning part of the decision consists of the following:
1- The investigative part of the case in the court.
2- The means of proof or rejection and explanation of reasons.
3- The reasoning that the court accepts or rejects based on the reasons presented.
The conclusion part of the decision consists of the following:
1- Non-existence of proof for the claim
2- ...... of the defendant.
3- The size of restitution or damages related to the subject of the judgment.
4- The expense of the court.
The text of the judgment (ratio decidendi) consists of the following:
1- Mention of the date of the judicial session and the issuance of the judgment with a majority of opinion or with a consensus.
2- Reliance on specific reasons with the mention of the article of law.
3- Mention of the parties to the claim.
4- Determination of the subject of the judgment.
5- Dismissal of the claim.
6- Abandoning of the claim.
7- Non-existence of proof of the claim.
8- Obligation of the defendant.
The text of the judgment must be clear and clear of any type of verbal and mental limitation.
1- The court’s judgment shall be announced to the parties to the claim without delay after the conclusion of the trial.
2- The decision of the court shall be organized, prepared and issued within ten days.
The judicial panel cannot amend or cancel its decision after the announcement of the judgment in the case.
The court can in any case correct the typing errors, grammatical errors and numerical errors in the decision. The judicial panel shall correct the mistakes and errors in the decision and sign underneath it.
If there is vagueness in the judgment or decision, the court shall, pursuant to the request by the individuals involved in the case, get the judicial panel to explain the vagueness in the judicial session on the condition that the decision has not yet been implemented.
In case the implementation of final decision requires monetary payment, the court can pursuant to the request of individuals involved in the case and by taking into consideration the determination of the state of wealth of the convicted person or other conditions, prescribe in the text of the judgment that payment be made in installments.
The decision of the court becomes absolute in the following situations:
1- The expiry of the time period allowed for complaints without legal excuse.
2- Presentation of complaints or objection to the higher court, in case in the proceedings of the case in the higher court a decision of cancellation is not made.
The ruling of the court is a judicial decision that is not issued on the merits of the claim but rather in relation to the procedures.
The ruling of the court is issued by the judicial panel in the consultation room according to the provisions of Article 243 of this Code.
The court can after consultation with the judicial panel issue a ruling regarding ordinary matters without compliance with the provisions of Article 268 of this Code and record the ruling in the minutes of the court.
The ruling of the court is announced upon issuance.
The ruling of the court consists of the following:
1- The date and place of the ruling’s issuance.
2- The name of the court issuing the ruling, composition of the court and the secretary of the judicial session.
3- Individuals involved in the claim of an issue at dispute.
4- The issue about which a ruling is issued.
5- Reasons and grounds upon which the court has issued its ruling.
6- Legal reliance by the court.
7- Coming to a conclusion and taking a decision by the judicial panel.
8- Specifying the time period for complaints against a ruling that is not legally absolute.
9- Mention of the ruling being absolute in situations where the ruling has been considered final according to the provisions of the law.
The means of proof that form the grounds of judgment are as follows:
1- Confession.
2- Evidence (documents, witnesses, absolute evidence and circumstantial evidence)
3- Oath (swearing)
4- Retraction
Confession means information about an issue in the court that proves continuation of the right of the party to the claim or which proves the condition against the person making confession.
The confession of the person making it who is legally competent in the eyes of the court is valid if the apparent conditions do not render it untrue.
The confession by the person making it is not conditioned upon acceptance by the person to whom the confession is made, but its rejection can take place by the person to whom the confession is made. If a part of the confession is rejected by the person to whom it is made, the remainder of the confession stands true.
Confession as to an absentee person’s right is not valid until the time of notice to and confirmation by the absentee of the confession of the person making it.
Retracting a confession that has been made according to the provisions of Article 273 of this Code is not valid.
Confession regarding joint share that has not been separated is correct.
If the defendant confesses in front of the court to the claim of the plaintiff, he shall be considered culpable.
If the defendant denies (the claim) the burden of proving the claim shall be upon the plaintiff.
The sources of proof are as follows:
1- Documents.
2- Testimony of witnesses.
3- Evidences
Documents are of two types:
1- Official documents.
2- Customary documents.
Official and customary documents are those that have been described in clauses 1 and 2 of Article 991 of the Civil Code.
Official documents regarding confessor, heirs and their alternates are valid and binding prior to the commencement of the claim.
The person who has been accepted as witness of identity in the official documents and if he/she claims the ownership that is contained in the document, the said official document shall be binding on him/her before the commencement of the claim.
The claim of the plaintiff against official documents is invalidated by the presentation of invalidating document by the defendant or it shall be proven by the confession of the defendant.
Edicts, official documents, absolute decisions and rulings of the court, if they are clear of forgery and falsification, and if they have been safely recorded in the government office of a judicial tribunal, such documents are recognized as bases of proof and they shall be binding.
The official documents in whose ordering and arrangement the provisions of the law have not been complied with have the status of customary documents.
The customary documents that have been written and signed by the parties and their seal or fingerprinted have been placed on them, and in case the two sides confirm their seal, signature and fingerprint, such documents are of the same validity as the official documents.
The customary document that has been written and signed in personal hand-writing of a person and, in case his writing and signature is confirmed by a hand-writing expert, such customary document shall have the same validity as an official document.
The persons under whose seal, signature or fingerprint customary documents are presented in a dispute are obligated to confirm or deny their seal, signature or fingerprint. Their silence is considered denial.
A legator cannot be forced to confirm or deny the seal, signature or fingerprint of his legatee. He only has the right of confession, denial or profession of ignorance.
Minute correspondences, telegram and other signed papers belonging to offices that exist in the relevant office have the status of customary documents.
Recording the testimony of two witnesses of identity who have the capacity to give testimony are mandatory in all courts security documents. Persons known to the court are exempt from this rule.
If there are numerous legators and partners and if some of them have prepared the security document, this document is valid only in regards to those who have prepared it and cannot involve the remaining legators and partners.
1- The judge cannot prepare in a court where he/she performs his/her duties a security document for himself, his father, grandfather, mother, grandmother, children, brother, sister and for workers of the relevant court.
2- Acceptance by the judge of persons contained in clause 1 of this Article as witnesses, experts or interpreter is not allowed.
The security documents of the persons mentioned in Article 296 of this Code is prepared in the neighboring court.
The supervision of requests based on dubiousness and forgery of the official documents belongs to the authorized preliminary court.
If requests regarding doubtfulness, forgery or falsification of documents are presented to other authorities, such requests are returned to the relevant sub-district, municipal, city or district courts.
If the claim regarding doubt and forgery in the documents requires proof, the criminal pursuit of the issue is postponed until the final proceedings regarding right of servitude.
If the court after evaluating the reasons considers the claim of suspiciousness and forgery as baseless, it shall issue a ruling dismissing the claim. This ruling can be appealed against.
If the court after evaluation of reasons, consider the claim of suspiciousness and forgery as valid, it shall issue a ruling for the proceedings of claim of suspiciousness and forgery and convey it to the plaintiff to present his/her claim papers.
1- If on the face of it, a submitted document of one of the parties to the claim appears doubtful in the eyes of the court, the court can officially demand a copy of it from the place that has prepared it.
2- The rule of clause 1 of this Article is also applicable in case of a suspicion in the confirmation presented.
1- The protrusions and sentences that have been written between the lines or in the margins are not valid.
2- In case the additions contained in clause 1 of this Article have been confirmed and signed by the person who confesses, the person to whom the confession is made and the witnesses and they have been signed and sealed by the person preparing them, they shall be valid.
Statements by the creditor on the front and back of a document in the hands of the debtor indicating whether the whole or part of the debt has been paid is valid only when the creditor admits their accuracy or if they have been written and signed in his handwriting.